英语诗歌的汉语翻译.doc

ON POETRY TRANSLATION FROM THE PERSPECTIVE OF RELEVANCE THEORYA CASE STUDY OF CHINESE TRANSLATIONOF KEATSS ODEAbstractWith the help of relevance theory (hereinafter RT), this thesis tries to probe into Chinese translation of English poetry. RT is firstly put forward by Dan Sperber and Deirdre Wilson in 1986, and it exerts a great influence on pragmatics, and translation studies as well. The most significant outcome is the study of translation from the perspective of relevance by Deirdre Wilsons student Ernst-August Gutt in 1991. Unfortunately, Gutt just focuses his attention on the description of translation theories under RT without the convincing translation examples, especially the poetry translation examples. There are a number of papers discussing translation and relevance by domestic scholars; however, these papers are limited by either the paper space or the theory-oriented approaches. Studies of Keats and his poems have never been stopped by scholars at home and abroad. But these studies are mainly done from the perspective of literature; there is no paper or thesis that studies Keatss poems from the angle of translation. Study of Keatss odes translation has never been done in China, not to mention the study of Chinese translation of Keatss odes abroad. So this thesis tries to study poetry translation under the guidance of RT considering the shortcomings of studies above. The degree of relevance of RT is the main theoretical basis on studying poetry translation. The optimal relevance is the assessing measure between the source language and the target language and the task of a translator is to appropriately transfer the relevance degree of the source poetry into the translated poetry to make sure the closest equivalence between two languages. The author studies the relevance degree between the two languages from the angle of “rhyme”, “form”, and “information” of the poetry, upon which the author puts forward a descriptive formula describing the relationship between relevance and poetry translation. In order to demonstrate the topic better and more specifically, the author borrows Chinese versions of Keatss odes to exemplify the corresponding relationship between relevance and poetry translation. Owing to the limitation of the thesis space, the author only selects four Chinese versions of Keatss “Ode on a Grecian Urn” as the object of the exemplification and the discussion. Through the careful comparison of relevance in “rhyme”, “form”, and “information” between the original ode and the four Chinese versions, the author depicts the result of the detailed discussion in the descriptive formula. In the end, positions and triangles in the descriptive formula confirm the guiding function in theory and the applicable function in practice concerning RT in poetry translation.This thesis is divided into five chapters. The first chapter is an introduction, which mainly discusses the necessity of the study, the gist of the title, the theoretical foundation of the research, the expected result of the research and the outline of the thesis. The necessity of the study is the focus of this chapter. The second chapter is a survey of theories employed in this thesis, and accordingly they are the survey of RT, which consists of some key terms of RT, the survey of RT and poetry translation, and the importance of the study. The third chapter is mainly about the study of John Keats, and it is composed of a brief introduction to the life of John Keats, some aesthetic theories of John Keats, which have two vital concepts serving as the subsections of it, and the practice of his aesthetic theories, which serves as a transition why “Ode on a Grecian Urn” is selected as a case study to the next chapter. The fourth chapter is the case study of RT and Chinese translation of John Keatss ode. The details are formed by “Survey of Translation of Ode on a Grecian Urn” and “A Case Study of Relevance Theory and Chinese Translation of Keatss Ode”. The last chapter is a conclusion including the main idea of the thesis, the main findings of the thesis, the theoretical and the practical significance of RT in poetry translation, the limitations of the study and advice for further research.Key words: RT; the optimal relevance; poetry translation; John Keats; ode摘要本文借助关联理论，旨在通过该理论来探究英语诗歌的汉语翻译。语用学家斯博伯（Sperber）和威尔逊（Wilson）在1986年首创关联理论，该理论不仅在语用学界引起强烈的反响，而且对翻译研究也具有积极的意义。最突出的成果即是由威尔逊的学生格特（Gutt）在1991年运用关联理论对翻译进行的专门研究，为翻译研究提供一个崭新的视角。但是，格特的关联翻译理论几乎都是理论性的阐述，很少甚至没有具体的翻译实践，特别是诗歌方面的例证研究。国内对关联翻译理论有过一定的论述，但都限于篇幅而不够深入。国内外的专家、学者对济慈的研究一直没有中断过。但是这些研究多是从文学的角度来探讨的，几乎没有是从翻译的角度来研究济慈的诗歌，特别是关于济慈的颂诗翻译研究在国内至今没有人研究过，更不要说国外对他的颂诗汉译研究。因此，本文从以上研究的不足出发，旨在通过关联理论来探讨诗歌翻译。关联理论的关联度是该研究探讨诗歌翻译的主要理论依据，最佳关联是原文与译文的评价尺度，译者的任务就是要把原文的关联度恰当地传达到译文中去，并确保原文与译文保持最贴近的等同度。作者从诗歌的“音韵”、“形式”、“信息”的角度来考察原文与译文的关联度，在此基础上，作者提出了一个关于关联与诗歌翻译关系的描写模式。为了能更具体、更充分地说明问题，作者借助济慈颂诗的汉译来具体例证其与诗歌翻译的对应关系。由于受篇幅的限制，作者只是选用了济慈的希腊古瓮颂这一首颂诗的四种译文作为例证和讨论的对象。通过对颂诗的四种汉语译文和原文在“音韵”、“形式”、“信息”上关联度的具体的对比分析，作者把分析的结果在描写模式中形象地再现出来。四种译文在描写模式中的位置及所构成的图形最终证实了关联理论对诗歌翻译所具有的理论上的指导作用及实践上的可行性。论文共分五章，第一章是引论，本章主要论述了论文研究的必要性、论文题目的主旨、选题的理论依据、所要达到的研究目标以及论文的纲要，其中论文研究的必要性这一部分是本章的重点。第二章为理论综述，这一章主要论述论文在探讨诗歌翻译时的理论依据，具体包括关联理论的基本理论内核、关联理论与诗歌翻译以及这种研究的意义。第三章是济慈研究，主要涵盖了济慈的生平、济慈诗歌创作的美学思想、济慈的美学思想在他的诗歌特别是颂诗中的体现并由此为下一章为何选取“希腊古瓮颂”作为个案研究作以铺垫。第四章是济慈颂诗的汉译个案研究，本章包括济慈颂诗翻译简介、关联理论在济慈颂诗汉译中的对比分析和小结。第五章是结论，归结该研究的主要发现、回视引论中所提出的研究目标是否达到、关联理论在论证中的理论意义及实践意义、提出本论文中颂诗翻译对比研究的局限性并对将来更深入的研究提出建议。关键词：关联理论；最佳关联；诗歌翻译；济慈；颂诗ContentsAcknowledgements iiAbstract in EnglishiiiAbstract in Chinese vChapter 1 Introduction 11.1 Necessity of the Study 11.2 Gist of the Title 51.3 Theoretical Foundation of the Research 51.4 Expected Result of the Research 51.5 Outline of the Thesis 6Chapter 2 Theoretical Survey72.1 Survey of RT 7 2.1.1 General Introduction to RT 7 2.1.2 Cognitive Environments 82.1.3 Mutual-manifestness 9 2.1.4 Informative Intention and Communicative Intention10 2.1.5 Contextual Effect10 2.1.6 Relevance and the Principle of Relevance112.2 Survey of RT and Poetry Translation 12 2.2.1 Survey of RT and Translation 12 2.2.2 Survey of RT and Poetry Translation 152.3 Importance of the Study 222.4 Summary 23Chapter 3 Study of John Keats 243.1 Life of John Keats 24 3.2 Aesthetic Theories of John Keats 27 3.2.1 Beauty and Truth 27 3.2.2 Negative Capability 293.3 Practice of Aesthetic Theories 323.4 Summary35Chapter 4 A Case Study of RT and Chinese Translation of Keatss Ode 364.1 Survey of Translation of “Ode on a Grecian Urn” 364.2 A Case Study of RT and Chinese Translation of Keatss Ode 364.3 Summary 52Chapter 5 Conclusion 535.1 Main Idea of the Thesis535.2 Main Findings of the Thesis545.3 Theoretical and Practical Significance of RT in Poetry Translation 545.4 Limitations of the Study and Advice for Further Research54Bibliography 56Publications 60Tables and FiguresTablesTable 1 Papers and theses concerning Keats in CNKI and Wanfang Data2Table 2 Keatsian study before the War of Resistance Against Japan2Table 3 Translation study of Keatss poems after the founding of PRC3Table 4 Papers and theses concerning relevance theory in CNKI and Wanfang Data4FiguresFigure 1 Relationship between relevance and contextual effect and processing effort12Figure 2 Relationship between source text and translator and target text14Figure 3 Relationship between relevance types and translation and relevance degrees15Figure 4 A formula of form and rhyme transference in poetry translation 21Figure 5 A formula of form and rhyme and information transference in poetry translation 21Figure 6 A journey of a poet between the real world and the ideal world29Figure 7 Form, rhyme and information relevance of four versions 5159Chapter 1 IntroductionChapter 1 Introduction1.1 Necessity of the StudyJohn Keats (1795-1821), as a great poet of the Age of Romanticism, is heatedly discussed and studied in the field of the British literature in China. According to the data collected from CNKI(China National Knowledge Infrastructure) (using the keyword “Keats” contained in the title, 1980-2005, November 23, 2005), it is found that there are 122 papers published in the domestic journals, of which 116 papers directly discuss John Keats and his poems as well. Only one paper is concerned with poetry translation. Another data collected from the paper by Liang Xiaodong shows that more than 180 papers related with the poetry are published from 2000 to 2004, of which 14 papers are studies of John Keats (Liang, 2005:36). Unfortunately, there are only 2 papers discussing the translation of Keatss poems among all the papers above.According to CNKI and Wanfang Data(using the keyword “Keats” contained in the title, 20012005, November 23, 2005), there are only ten master theses that directly or indirectly study Keats. Chronologically, these ten theses are “Greek Myths Influence on Keatss Poems”, “Keatss negative capability and his odes”, “Longing and Despairing CriesAn Analysis of Keats Attitudes towards Love”, “Aspects of John Keats Development Implied in His Two Spring Odes”, “The Pursuit of BeautyAnalysis of Keatss Aesthetic Ideas and Aesthetic Practice”, “On the Synaesthetic Imagery in Keats Odes and its Theoretical Bases”, “A Charming Flower of Terror and Beauty”, “Zhuangzi and Keats: Materialization and Negative Capability”, “John Keats and T. S. Eliot: A Comparative Approach to Their Poetics”, “From Romanticism to Localism”.It is clear that the above ten theses are only concerned with John Keatss poems, his aesthetic theories or the comparative studies of him with other scholars at home and abroad. However, it is a great pity that there is not any hint of the translation study of John Keats at all in the theses applying for the Degree of Master of Arts. Table 1 can give a clear picture of the above discussion: Table 1 Papers and theses concerning Keats in CNKI and Wanfang Data数据库名称文献种类论文时间跨度关键词搜索时间范围翻译诗歌翻译其他总数中国期刊全文数据库期刊19802005济慈2005年11月23日文史哲、教育社会科学01121122中国优秀博硕士学位论文全文数据库学位论文20012005济慈2005年11月23日文史哲、教育社会科学001010From the above statistics, we can find that John Keats is mainly studied in the field of literature. No matter whether papers published in the journals or theses written for the master degree of arts, there is a common feature that there is not any study of John Keats from the angle of translation at all.On the other hand, Keatss poems have been introduced and translated from 1921 on. Mr. Mao Dun wrote a paper named “In Memory of Keats” in Novel Monthly on May 10, 1921. The first translation of Keatss poems is “You Say You Love” by CHL in Novel Monthly on November 10, 1923. Mr. Zhu Xiang is the first known scholar who translates Keatss poem, and the poem translated is “La Belle Dame Sans Merci”. Nine poems of Keats had been translated by 1935. A Collection of Guava by Mr. Zhu Xiang was published in 1936, in which Keatss six poems were translated. There are some papers which gave some simple introduction to Keats and some translations of his letters at the same time. Unfortunately, our country was involved in the War of Resistance Against Japan in 1937, which was followed by Chinas War of Liberation. After the founding of The Peoples Republic of China, the first collection of John Keatss poems translation is The Poems of John Keats by Mr. Zha Liangzheng in 1958. Another two poetry translation collections are Keats Poetical Works by Mr. Zhu Weiji in 1983 and The Poetical Works of John Keats by Mr. Tu An in 1997. Apart from these collections, there are some other scholars who only translate some of Keatss poems in their respective collections of poetry translation. Table 2 and Table 3 can give a clear picture of the study of John Keats and his poems in China: Table 2 Keatsian study before the War of Resistance Against Japan时间译者译诗或译信论文来源译著1923.11.10“CHL”“你说你爱”小说月报1924.12徐志摩“夜莺歌”小说月报1925. 1.10朱 湘“无情的女郎”小说月报1925. 5.18韦素园“李恩谭与叶爱萝”语丝1925.12.10朱 湘“秋曲”小说月报1928. 1.16介 如“情歌”北新1928. 7.22梁指南“无题”文学周报1928. 9.10李唯建“夜莺歌”新月1929.12. 2石 民“济慈的三封信”语丝1930. 5.16李建新“济慈致荫丽的信”北新1931. 4啸 霞“济慈Keats”文艺杂志1934.9李惟健上海中华书局英国近代诗歌选译1934.10. 1费鉴照“济慈与莎士比亚”文艺月刊1935. 1. 1傅东华“夜莺歌”“英国诗人济慈”文学1935. 7费鉴照“济慈的一生”文艺月刊1935. 7费鉴照“济慈美的观念”文艺月刊1936朱 湘“希腊皿曲“等六首商务印书馆番石榴集Table 3 Translation study of Keatss poems after the founding of PRC时间译者译著译诗或译信来源1958查良铮济慈诗选65首人民文学出版社1983.1朱维基济慈诗选24首上海译文出版社1983.3卞之琳英国诗选1首湖南人民出版社1983.4吴 岩在大海边1首(张秋红译)上海译文出版社1983.9作者不详外国诗11首(周珏良译)外国文学出版社1983.9作者不详外国诗12首(王以铸译)外国文学出版社1984朱炯强，姚暨荣济慈9首辽宁人民出版社1985.5劳坡林怎样欣赏英美诗歌1首(殷宝书译)北京出版社1985.7钱春绮春天最初的微笑5首(赵瑞蕻译)上海译文出版社1986王秋荣编西方诗苑揽胜1首(赵瑞蕻译)语文出版社1987查良铮英美名诗100篇商务印书馆1988陆嘉玉编外国名诗三百首1首(赵瑞蕻译)长江文艺出版社1989彭 予爱的感受英美爱情诗200首1首长江文艺出版社1993黄杲炘英语爱情诗100首1首中国对外翻译出版公司1995马文通济慈诗选桂冠图书公司1996顾子欣英诗300首10首国际文化出版公司1997.6黄杲炘英国抒情诗选4首上海译文出版社1997.10屠 岸济慈诗选80首人民文学出版社1998黄杲炘英国抒情诗100首3首上海译文出版社1999孙大雨英诗选译集：英汉对照4首上海外语教育出版社2002.1傅修延济慈书信集170封东方出版社 2002.5段 方英语浪漫诗歌2首（范晴译）安徽科学技术出版社2003.2何功杰英美诗歌1首安徽教育出版社2003.3秦希廉英美抒情诗选译3首商务印书馆2003.8王昕若济慈书信选128封天津百花文艺出版社2004罗若冰100首人生诗精选1首四川人民出版社2004罗若冰100首哲理诗精选2首四川人民出版社2004罗若冰100首自然诗精选3首四川人民出版社2006.1任士明、张宏国济慈诗选39首安徽文艺出版社All the above papers, translation collections and monographs suggest that Keats has not been forgotten by scholars in China; it is only a pity that Keats is seldom studied from the angle of translation.It can also be found that there are some papers and monographs about studies of John Keats abroad, mainly in Britain and America. For example, research papers of Keatss particular poems are “An overview of When I Have Fears that I May Cease to Be”, “An overview of Ode on a Grecian Urn”, “A review of Lamia, Isabella, The Eve of St. Agnes, and Other Poem, “ Ode on a Grecian Urn: Overview”, “The Sub-Text of Keatss Ode to a Nightingale”, “The Eve of St. Agnes: Overview”, and so on. A simple introduction to his poem is “An Introduction to The Poems of John Keats”. Some papers are also found, which discuss the life of John Keats or papers of criticism about him, and they are “An Extract from Life, Letters, and Literary Remains of John Keats”, “Mr. Keats, with a Criticism on His Writings”, “The Life and Poetry of Keats”, “A Note on John Keats”. Some important monographs are also published in the West, for instance, John Keats by Walter Bate in 1963, Helen Vendlers The Odes of John Keats in 1983 and James ORourkes Keatss Odes and Contemporary Criticism in 1998, and so on. It is quite obvious that Keats and his poems are mainly explored in the literature. There is not, or even one paper which discusses the problem of translation about Keatss poems.All in all, from the studies at home and abroad, we cannot find any clue of the translation study of Keatss odes, so it is necessary to have a study of translation of John Keatss poems. On the other hand, the study of the John Keats from the point of the RT can rarely be found. Data collected from CNKI(using the keyword “relevance theory” contained in the title, 1992-2005, November 23, 2005) show that there are 236 papers published in the journals, of which 60 papers are related with translation, but there is only 2 papers related with poetry translation. Data collected from CNKI(using the keyword “relevance theory” contained in the title, 2000-2005, November 23, 2005) show that there are 79 master theses altogether, and there are 37 theses of them related with translation, and there is only 2 theses related with poetry translation. Table 4 can clearly describe the research state in the above: Table 4 Papers and theses concerning relevance theory in CNKI and Wanfang Data数据库名称文献种类论文时间跨度篇名搜索时间范围翻译所占比例诗歌翻译所占比例其他所占比例总数中国期刊全文数据库期刊19922005关联理论2005年11月23日文史哲、教育社会科学6025.42%20.85%17473.73%236中国优秀博硕士学位论文全文数据库学位论文20002005关联理论2005年11月23日文史哲、教育社会科学3746.842 2.534050.63 79All in all, the survey above definitely suggests that it is worth the study of this thesis under the title of “On Poetry Translation from the Perspective of Relevance TheoryA Case Study of Chinese Translation of Keatss Ode”.1.2 Gist of the TitleAs a requirement for the Degree of Master of Arts, this thesis is written under the title of “On Poetry Translation from the Perspective of Relevance Theory”. The focus of this thesis is poetry translation, and the author tries to account for the description of translation from English into Chinese. As for RT, the author just uses it as a tool to describe