词源字典 k.doc

-kin dim. suffix, first attested c.1250 in proper names adopted from Flanders and Holland, probably from M.Du. -kin, properly a double-dim., from -k + -in. Equivalent to Ger. -chen. K one thousand dollars, 1970s, from kilo-. As an indication of strikeout in baseball scorekeeping, first recorded c.1880, said to be from last letter of struck, since first letter was already being used as abbreviation for sacrifice. The invention of the scorecard symbols is attributed to newspaperman Henry Chadwick. K as a measure of capacity (esp. in computer memory) or number (esp. of salary), meaning one thousand is an abbrev. of kilo (q.v.). Kaaba 1734 (Caaba), cube-shaped building in the Great Mosque of Mecca, containing the Black Stone, from Arabic kabah square house, from kab cube. kabuki 1899, from Japanese, popular theater (as opposed to shadow puppet-plays or lyrical Noh dramas), lit. art of song and dance, from ka song + bu dance + ki art. Alternate etymology (in Websters) is from nominal form of kabuku to be divergent, to deviate, from early opinion of this form of drama. Since c.1650, all parts are played by males. Kaddish doxology of the Jewish ritual, 1613, from Aramaic qaddish holy, holy one, from stem of qdhash was holy, ithqaddash was sanctified, related to Heb. qadhash was holy, qadhosh holy. According to Kline, the name probably is from the second word of the text veyithqaddash and sanctified be. kaffeeklatsch gossip over cups of coffee, 1888, from Ger., from kaffee coffee + klatsch gossip (see klatsch). kaffir 1790, from Arabic qafir unbeliever, infidel, impious wretch, with a lit. sense of one who does not admit the blessings of God, from kafara to cover up, conceal, deny. Technically, non-Muslim, but in Ottoman times it came to be used almost exclusively for Christian. Early Eng. missionaries used it as an equivalent of heathen to refer to Bantus in South Africa (1792), from which use it came generally to mean South African black regardless of ethnicity, and to be a term of abuse since at least 1934. Kafkaesque 1947, resembling situations from the writings of Franz Kafka (1883-1924), German-speaking Jewish novelist born in Prague, Austria-Hungary. kahuna 1886, Hawaiian priest or minister, expert or wise man, from Hawaiian, where it was applied to priests, doctors, sorcerers, and navigators. In surfer slang, for a god of surfing, it is attested from 1962 (but big kahuna in same sense is said to date from 1950s). kaiser an emperor, O.E. casere, obscure after M.E., but revived 1858 in ref. to the Ger. emperors of Austria and, after 1870, Germany, from Ger. Kaiser, from Bavarian and Austrian spelling of M.H.G. keisar, from O.H.G. keisar emperor, an early borrowing of L. cognomen Csar (q.v.). The Gmc. and Slavic peoples seem to have called all Roman emperors caesar (cf. O.E. casere, O.N. keisari). Said to be the earliest L. loan word in Gmc. kakistocracy 1829, government by the worst element of a society, coined on analogy of aristocracy from Gk. kakistos worst, superl. of kakos bad (which is perhaps related to the general IE word for defecate) + -kratia rule of, from kratos strength, power, rule (see -cracy). Kalashnikov type of rifle or submachine gun made in the U.S.S.R., 1970, from Rus. Kalashnikov, weapon developed in Soviet Union c.1946 and named for Mikhail Kalashnikov, gun designer and part of the team that built it. In AK-47, the AK stands for Avtomat Kalashnikov. kale c.1300, M.E. cawul, surviving as a Scottish variant of cole cabbage (see cole-slaw). Slang meaning money is from 1902. kaleidoscope 1817, lit. observer of beautiful forms, coined by its inventor, Sir David Brewster (1781-1868), from Gk. kalos beautiful + eidos shape (see -oid) + -scope, on model of telescope, etc. Figurative meaning constantly changing pattern is first attested 1819 in Lord Byron, whose publisher had sent him one. Kali a name of Devi, the Hindu mother-goddess, in her death-goddess aspect, 1798, from Skt. kali, lit. the black one, fem. of kalah blue-black, black, from a Dravidian language. Also taken as the fem. of kala time (as destroyer). She is portrayed as black-skinned, blood-smeared, and wearing a necklace of skulls and a girdle of snakes. Kama Sutra 1883, from Skt. Kama Sutra, ancient treatise on love and sexual performance, from kama love (see whore) + sutra (see sutra). kamikaze suicide corps, 1945, Japanese, lit. divine wind, from kami god, providence, divine + kaze wind. Originally the name given in folklore to a typhoon which saved Japan from Mongol invasion by wrecking Kublai Khans fleet (August 1281). kanaka U.S. nautical and Australian name for native of South Sea islands, 1840, from Hawaiian kanaka man (Samoan tangata). kangaroo 1770, used by Capt. Cook and botanist Joseph Banks, supposedly an aborigine word from northeast Queensland, Australia, usually said to be unknown now in any native language. However, according to Australian linguist R.M.W. Dixon (The Languages of Australia, Cambridge, 1980), the word probably is from Guugu Yimidhirr (Endeavour River-area Aborigine language) /gaNurru/ large black kangaroo. In 1898 the pioneer ethnologist W.E. Roth wrote a letter to the Australasian pointing out that gang-oo-roo did mean kangaroo in Guugu Yimidhirr, but this newspaper correspondence went unnoticed by lexicographers. Finally the observations of Cook and Roth were confirmed when in 1972 the anthropologist John Haviland began intensive study of Guugu Yimidhirr and again recorded /gaNurru/. DixonKangaroo court is Amer.Eng., first recorded 1853 in a Texas context (also mustang court), from notion of proceeding by leaps. kanji Chinese ideographs that make up the bulk of Japanese writing, 1920, from Jap. kan Chinese + ji letter, character. Kansas 1722, from Fr., variant of Kansa, native name of a Siouan people. It is a plural (see Arkansas). Kantian 1796, of or pertaining to Immanuel Kant (1724-1804) or his philosophy. kaolin china clay, 1727, from Fr. kaolin (1712), from Chinese Kao-ling, transliteration of the name of a mountain in Jiangxi, China (near which it was originally dug up), from Chinese gao high + ling mountain, hill. kapellmeister conductor, 1838, from Ger., lit. chapel master, from Kapelle chapel (also the name given to a band or orchestra) + Meister master. kapok 1735, from Malay kapoq, name of the large tropical tree which produces the fibers. kaput 1895, finished, worn out, dead, from Ger. kaputt, probably a misunderstanding of the phrase capot machen, a partial translation of Fr. faire capot, a phrase meaning lose all the tricks in piquet, an obsolete card game, from Fr. capot, lit. cover, bonnet. karaoke 1979, from Japanese, from kara empty + oke orchestra, shortened form of okesutora, a Japanization of Eng. orchestra. karat variant of carat (q.v.). In U.S., karat is used for proportion of fine gold in an alloy and carat for weight of a precious stone. karate 1955, from Japanese, lit. empty hand, bare hand, from kara empty + te hand. karma 1827, in Buddhism, the sum of a persons actions in one life, which determine his form in the next; from Skt. karman- action, fate, related to krnoti, Avestan kerenaoiti makes, O.Pers. kunautiy he makes; from PIE base *kwer- to make, form, related to the second element in Sanskrit. karoo barren table land in S. Africa, 1789, said to be from a Hottentot word meaning dry. karyo- comb. form of Gk. karyon nut, kernel, used since c.1874 in biological terms refering to cell nuclei. katydid insect of the locust family (Microsentrum rhombifolium), 1784, Amer.Eng. (perhaps first used by John Bartram), imitative of the stridulous sound the male makes when it rubs its front wings together. katzenjammer 1849, a hangover, Amer.Eng. colloquial, from Ger. katzen, comb. form of katze cat + jammer distress, wailing. Hence, any unpleasant reaction (1897). Katzenjammer Kids naughty children is from title of comic strip first drawn by Rudolph Dirks in 1897 for the New York Journal. kayak 1757, from Dan. kajak, from Greenland Eskimo qayaq, lit. small boat of skins. kazoo 1884, Amer.Eng., probably altered from earlier bazoo trumpet (1877); probably ultimately onomatopoeic (cf. bazooka). In England, formerly called a Timmy Talker, in France, a mirliton. Kazoos, the great musical wonder, . anyone can play it; imitates fowls, animals, bagpipes, etc. 1895 Montgomery Ward catalogue, p.245kebab pieces of meat roasted on a skewer, 1813 (see shish kebab). keck to make a sound as if to vomit, 1537, echoic. Ked proprietary name of a brand of canvas sneakers, 1917, registered by United States Rubber Co., N.Y. We wanted to call it Peds, but . it came too close to . other brand names. So we batted it around for awhile and decided on the hardest-sounding letter in the alphabet, K, and called it Keds, that was in 1916. J.Healey, in R.L. Cohen, Footwear Industry, x.93keel lowest timber of a ship or boat, 1338, from O.N. kjlr keel, from P.Gmc. *keluz, of uncertain origin. Etymologists say this is unconnected with the root of M.Du. kiel ship, O.E. ceol ships prow, O.H.G. kiel, Ger. Kiel ship, but the two words have influenced each other. This other word is said to be from P.Gmc. *keula, from PIE *geul- rounded vessel. Keel still is used locally in England and U.S. for flat-bottomed boat, especially on the Tyne. To keel over (1876) is from the nautical image of a ship turning keep-up. Keelhaul is 17c. from Du. kielhalen to haul under the keel, an old punishment. The verb is 1838, Amer.Eng., from the noun. keen (adj.) O.E. cene bold brave, later clever, wise, from P.Gmc. *kan- be able to (see can). Original prehistoric senses seem to have been both brave and Skilled; cf. O.N. knn skillful, wise, M.Du. coene bold, O.H.G. kuon pugnacious, strong, Ger. Khn bold, daring. Sense of eager is from c.1350. The meaning sharp is peculiar to Eng.: of blades and edges c.1225, of sounds c.1400, of eyesight c.1720. A popular word of approval in teenager and student slang from c.1900. keen (v.) lament, 1811, from Ir. caoinim I weep, wail, lament, from O.Ir. coinim. keep (v.) late O.E. cepan to seize, hold, also to observe, from P.Gmc. *kopijanan, but with no certain connection to other languages. It possibly is related to O.E. capian to look, from P.Gmc. *kap- (cepan was used c.1000 to render L. observare), which would make the basic sense to keep an eye on. The word prob. belongs primarily to the vulgar and non-literary stratum of the language; but it comes up suddenly into literary use c.1000, and that in many senses, indicating considerable previous development. OEDMeaning financially support and privately control (usually in ref. to mistresses) is from 1560. The noun meaning innermost stronghold of a tower is from 1586, perhaps a translation of It. tenazza, with a notion of that which keeps (someone or something); the sense of food required to keep a person or animal is attested from 1801. Keepsake is first recorded 1790, on model of namesake; thus an object kept for the sake of the giver. For keeps completely, for good is Amer.Eng. colloquial, from 1861. Keeper one who has charge of some person or thing, warden is from c.1300; sense of one who carries on some business is from c.1440. kef 1808, from Arabic kaif well-being, good-humor. Specifically, state of dreaming intoxication produced by smoking cannabis; dolce far niente. In Morocco and Algeria, it was the name for Indian hemp. keg 1452, from O.N. kaggi keg, cask, of unknown origin. Specific sense of barrel of beer is from 1945. keister buttocks, 1931, perhaps transferred from underworld meaning safe, strongbox (1914), earlier a burglars toolkit that can be locked (1881); probably from British dialect kist (c.1300, northern form of chest, from O.N. kista) or its Ger. cognate Kiste chest, box. The connection may be via pickpocket slang sense of rear trouser pocket (1930s). keld 1697 in northern dialect, but frequent in place names, from O.N. kelda a well, fountain, spring, also a deep, still, smooth part of a river. Kelly common Irish surname, from O.Ir. ceallach war. As a type of pool played with 15 balls, it is attested from 1898. Kelly green first recorded 1936. kelp 1663, from M.E. culpe (1387), of unknown origin. Kelper native or inhabitant of the Falkland Islands is attested from 1960. kelpie 1747, Scottish, of unknown origin, perhaps related to Gael. colpach heifer, steer, colt; colpa cow, horse. The Lowland name of a demon in the shape of a horse that was reputed to haunt lakes and rivers and to delight in causing drownings. But unlike its equivalents in Dan. (nkken) and Icel. (nykur), it was occasionally benevolent, especially to millers by keeping their streams running.Kelvin unit of absolute temperature scale, 1911, in honor of British physicist Sir William Thompson, Lord Kelvin (1824-1907). ken (v.) to know, Scot. dial., from O.E. cennan make known, declare, acknowledge, originally make to know, causative of cunnan to become acquainted with, to know (see can (v.). The noun meaning range of sight (1590) is a nautical abbreviation of kenning. ken (n.) house where thieves meet, 1567, vagabonds slang, probably a shortening of kennel. Kennedy Irish surname, said to be from O.Ir. cinneide ugly head. kennel 1301, from O.Fr. chenil, from V.L. canile, from L. canem (nom. canis) dog (see canine). Kenneth masc. proper name, Scottish, from Gael. Caioneach, lit. handsome, comely. keno game of chance (akin to bingo), 1814, Amer.Eng., probably from Fr. quine five winning numbers in a lottery, from L. quini five each, distributive of quinque five. Kent L. Canticum (51 B.C.E.), an ancient Celtic name often explained as coastal district, but possibly land of the hosts or armies. Kentucky U.S. state, earlier a county of Virginia, organized 1776; the name is of Iroquois or Shawnee origin, perhaps a Wyandot (Iroquoian) word meaning meadow (cf. Seneca gedageh at the field); the river name seems to have been the original use in Eng.; the native use perhaps was first in ref. to a village in Clark County known in Shawnee as Eskippakithiki. kepi 1861, from Fr. kpi, from Ger. Swiss kppi, dim. of Ger. Kappe a cap, from L.L. cappa hood, cap (see cap). ker- 1836, U.S. slang prefix, possibly from infl. of Ger. or Du. ge-, pp. prefix; or ultimately echoic of the sound of the fall of some heavy body. keratin basic substance of horns, nails, feathers, etc., 1847, from Gk. keras (gen. keratos) horn + chemical suffix -in. kerb 1664, a variant of curb (q.v.), preferred British spelling in certain specialized senses, especially edging of stone on a sidewalk (1805). kerchief 1223, from Anglo-Fr. courchief, from O.Fr. couvrechief, lit. cover head, from couvrir to cover + chief head. kerfluffle row, disturbance, c.1930, first in Canadian English, ult. from Scot. curfuffle, based on fuffle to throw into disorder; first element probably as in kersplash, etc. (see ker-). kern 1683, part of a metal type projecting beyond the body, as the head of an -f- or the tail of a -j-, from Fr. carne projecting angle, quill of a pen, from L. cardinem hinge. kernel O.E. cyrnel, from P.Gmc. *kurnilo- (cf. M.H.G. kornel, M.Du. cornel), from the root of corn seed, grain (see corn) + -el, dim. suffix. Fig. sense of core or central part of anything is from 1556. kerosene 1852, coined in Canada by Abraham Gesner, who discovered how to distill it c.1846, from Gk. keros wax + chemical suffix -ene. So called because it contains paraffin. kestrel 15c., from M.Fr. cresserelle, from L. crepitacillium small rattle, dim. of crepitaculum noisy bell, rattle, from crepitare to crackle, rattle; possibly from the old belief that their noise frightened away other hawks. ketch kind of small sailing vessel, 1655, probably from M.E. cacchen to capture, ensnare, chase (see catch). ketchup 1711, from Malay kichap, from Chinese (Amoy dial.) koechiap brine of fish. Catsup (earlier catchup) is a failed attempt at Anglicization, still in use in U.S. Originally a fish sauce, early English recipes included among their ingredients mushrooms, walnuts, cucumbers, and oysters. Modern form of the sauce began to emerge when U.S. seamen added tomatoes. ketone 1851, group of chemicals containing CH, from Ger. keton, coined in 1848 by Ger. chemist Leopold Gmelin (1788-1853) from Ger. Aketon, from Fr. actone (see acetone). kettle O.E. cetil (Mercian), from L. catillus deep pan or dish for cooking, dim. of catinus bowl, dish, pot. A general Gmc. borrowing (cf. O.S. ketel, O.Fris. zetel, M.Du. ketel, O.H.G. kezzil, Ger. Kessel). Spelling with a -k- (c.1300) probably is from infl. of O.N. cognate ketill. The smaller sense of tea-kettle is 20c. Kettledrum is from 1542. kewpie 1909, Amer.Eng., coined by their illustrator, Rose C. ONeill (1874-1944), as an altered form of Cupid. key (1) metal piece that works a lock, from O.E. cg, of unknown origin, with no certain cognates other than O.Fris. kei. Perhaps related to M.L.G. keie lance, spear on notion of tool to cleave with, from P.Gmc. *ki- to cleaver, split (cf. Ger. Keil wedge, Goth. us-kijans come forth, said of seed sprouts, keinan to germinate). Figurative sense of that which serves to open or explain was in O.E.; meaning that which holds together other parts is from 1523. Musical sense of tone, note is 15c., but mod