国际货代英语.doc

Unit 1 International trade 国际贸易v 影响国际贸易的因素 Industrialization工业化 Advanced transportation先进的运输 Globalization全球化 Multinational corporations跨国公司 Outsourcing外包v Exchange交换 Capital 资金 goods 货物 Services服务v Borders国界v Territories 领土v Significant share重要的部分 国内生产总值 gross domestic product GDPv Increasing international trade 增长的国际贸易is crucial to the continuance of globalization是持续全球化的关键v Major source of economic revenue经济收入的主要来源v Domestic Trade国内贸易v Factors of production生产要素more mobile within a country Capital资金 Labor劳动力 Substitute代替: Goods and servicesv Labor intensive goods 劳动密集型货物v The united states is Importing goods produced with chinese labor 进口中国劳动力生产的货物Instead of importing china labor 代替进口中国的劳动力v International Trade国际贸易v More costly更昂贵v A border国界involve增加additional cost附加成本 Tariffs关税 Time costs时间成本 u Border delays and costs国界延迟和成本u Difference不同u Language语言u Legal system法律体系u Culture文化v Risks in international trade 国际贸易的风险u Multilateral trade 多边贸易 Economic risks经济风险 Political risks政治风险u 外汇短缺u 政党v Economic risks经济风险 Insolvency of the buyer买方破产 The failure of the buyer to pay the amount due with six months after the due date应付款日6个月内买方没有付款 Non acceptance没有承兑 The risk of exchange rate汇率风险v Political risks政治风险 Cancellation or non renewal of export or import licences取消或不补充进出口许可证 War risk 战争险 Risk of expropriation征收 or confiscation没收of importers company 进口方公司 Risk of inposition强迫接受of an import ban进口禁令after the shipment of the goods货物装上船 Transfer risk货币兑换风险 Imposition of exchange control货币管控的强迫接受 Foreign currency shortage外币短缺v Barriers壁垒 Import duties进口关税 Import licenses进口许可证 Export licenses出口许可证 Import quotas进口配额 Tariff关税 Subsidies补助 Non-tariff barrier非关税壁垒 Influence of political parties政党影响v WTO国际贸易组织的职能u Uruguay Round乌拉圭回合u Multilateral trade多边贸易v Basic Functions 国际贸易组织的基本职能1. 实施、管理、运行WTO协议和附件2. 多边贸易协商的论坛3. 为解决争端提供公断4. 为成员国检查贸易政策和实务v Additional Functions 国际贸易组织的附加职能 Cooperate withu 国际货币基金组织IMFu 世界银行The world bankv 国际贸易步骤 Market research市场调研 Inquiries询盘 Quotations /offer报价 Order下订单 Customs clearance 清关 Negotiation of export documents受益人在信用证下议付出口单证 Redemption of documents under L/C 信用证下赎单 Lodging and setting claims提出索赔 Seller:shipper 卖方，发货人 Booking,Custom clearance,inland transport,documentation,loading/unloading,warehousing Carrier:liner shipping company:sea transport 承运人 Buyer:consignee 卖方，收货人 NVOCC Non Vessel Ocean Common Carrier无船承运人u 交通部u 收取运费差价u 要对全程运输负责u 签发自己的提单 Freight Forwarder 国际货运代理人u 商务部u 佣金，代理费，服务费u 只对代理范围的事宜负责u 不签发提单，无需对全程运输的货损货差负责 Freight forwarder 国际货运代理人u Commission agent 佣金代理人,委托代理人 On behalf of 代表 Exporter/importer进出口商v Freight forwarding 国际货运代理行业Identify the formalities了解相关的程序Carriage of goods by sea海上货物运输Transport geography 运输地理Trade route 贸易路线Transshipment point转运地点 Routine Task例行业务： Loading/unloading of goods装卸货物 Storage of goods储存货物 Arrange Local transport内陆运输 Obtaining payment for his customer为客户代收款 不可以：海上运输ocean transport、签发提单 Issue B/L、收取运费get tariffv Which enlarge the scope of services？ The expansion of international trade国际贸易的扩展 The development of different modes of transport不同运输方式的发展v Routine and basic tasks例行任务 Book of space订舱 Customs clearance清关v A comprehensive package of services一揽子服务 Covering the total transportation and distribution process覆盖了全部运输和配送过程v Consignee收货人 Buyer Importer Applicant of L/C信用证的开证申请人 Person receiving goodsv Consignor发货人 Seller Exporter Beneficiary of L/C信用证受益人 Person sending goodsv The Freight Forwarder may provide the services Directly 直接 Or through sub-contracts通过分包商 Or other agencies 代理u FIATA单证u Forwarders certificate of Receipt货代收货证明u Forwarders certificate of Transport货代运输证明 County of export出口国 Country of import进口国 Country of transit过境国v On behalf of consignor代表发货人 Choose the route Book space订舱u F组：buyer；buyer委托seller订舱u C组：seller Take delivery of goods提货v If necessary如果有 Warehouse transshipment Issue document签发单证v If any只要有 Packu Route, the mode of transport, the nature of the goods Foreign exchange transaction 外汇交易 Note goods damage or losses 标注货损货差 Pursuing claims索赔v On behalf of consignee代表收货人 Take delivery of the goods提货 Arrange customs clearance, pay duties, fees and charges to the customs海关and public authorities公共权力机构 Arrange transit 、warehouding安排转运仓储 Deliver the cleared goods to the consignee将清关后的货物交给收货人 Help consignee pursuing claims帮助收货人索赔Unit 3 Incoterm 2000v International Commercial Terms国际贸易术语解释通则 In line with international trade practice和国际贸易实践相符合v ICC国际商会International Chamber of CommerceINCOTERMS2000 ：13个Trade terms贸易术语UCP600：跟单信用证统一规则ICC目标：Facilitate the flow of International Trade 促进国际贸易流动v CMI国际海事委员会海牙规则, 维斯比规则v IMO国际海事组织国际海运危险货物规则Clear the goods for Export出口清关v 规定at which point the risk of loss and damage passes from seller to buyer买卖双方风险/责任转移点v Which party pays for specific activitesv Party :Seller/Buyer CFR Seller pays Cost+Freight Sellers delivers when the goods pass the ships rail 当货物越过船舷时，卖方完成交货u Ships rail at the port of loading装货港的船舷 双方风险责任划分点，货损货差的风险转移点u Seller clear the goods for export u Sea and inland waterway transport v Seller delivers the goods 卖家完成交货，买家责任开始 FOBu Board船/Deck甲板u Rail船舷/Tackle钩named port of shipment指定装货港u Delivers完成交货u Ships rail船舷u The seller clear the goods for export卖方出口清关u Sea or inland waterway transport海运或内河水运 CIF Seller pays Cost+Insurance+Freightu 风险划分：Ships rail at the port of loading装货港的船舷u The seller procure insurance投保 Contract for insurance签订保险合同 Pay the insurance premium支付保险费u Against the buyers risk of loss of or damage to the goods during the carriage上海出口到神户FOB SHANGHAICIF/CFR KOBE西安出口到底特律 FCA XIANCIP/CPT DETROIT杭州上海长滩匹兹堡FOB shanghaiFCA hangzhouCIF CFR LONGBEACHCPT CIP 匹兹堡 FCA u 责任风险划分点：seller delivers goods to the carrier nominated by the Buyer货交承运人u Chosen place of delivery交货的地点 Sellers premises卖方所在地：the seller is responsible for loading 卖方负责装货 Any other place其它地点：the seller is not responsible for unloading卖方无需卸货u 交货对象 Carrier nominated by the buyer 承运人由买方指定 The buyer nominates a person买方指定的人 CPTu CPT has much in common with the term CFR The major difference is that: mode of transferu Named place of destinationu Carrier nominated by seller风险划分点：To the carrier nominated by seller 货交承运人If the parties do not intend to deliver the goods across ships rail, the CPT term is preferred CIP 风险划分点：Seller delivers goods to the carrier nominated by the Seller SELLER procure insurance Against buyers risk 卖家买保险，为买家的风险。v UCP600 跟单信用证统一惯例Uniform customs and practice for Documentary credit 跟单信用证u 2007年7月1日实行v 结算工具 信用证 托收collectv The exporter 出口商考虑船、货衔接问题 Get the Goods ready 准备好货物 The ship is available 船舶是否准备好 Before the shipment date 在装运期前v 时间规定clear清晰flexible灵活 on 6.20 改成on or about 6.20 不可使用的词语：prompt, immediately, as soon as possible If they are used, bank will disregard them 如果使用，银行将忽略 汇付 remittencev Terms of shipment装运条款v Compulsory 必需的 Methods of transport运输方式 Time for shipment运输时间 Partial shipment分批装运 Transshipment转运 Port or place of loading and unloading装卸港/地 Shipping documents运输单证v Time of shipment 装运时间 On or about 于或约于6.20 ：6.15-6.25 Not later than 不晚于 7.31: .到7.31,包括 During 6/7月期间：6.1-7.31 Within 15 after receipt of remittance收到汇款后15天内 Within 30 after receipt of L/C收到L/C后30天内v L/C letter of creditv Payment method 付款方式settlementu T/T 电汇 M/T 信汇 Collect 托收 Written promise of a bank银行书面承诺 The request and on the instructions of the applicant 应开证申请人的要求和指示 Payment to the beneficiary付款给受益人 The amount specified in the credit 信用证规定的总额 Provided that the beneficiary complies with the terms and conditions of the credit 只要受益人符合信用证规定的条款 Beneficiary受益人 Refers to the party in whose favor an L/C 信用证的受益人 Which should comply with the terms 符合信用证条款 in order to receive the proceeds以便受到货款 Negotiating bank议付行 Negotiate the beneficiarys drafts议付受益人的票据v Party关系方 Applicant 开证申请人 Open L/C Opener /accountee Buyer/importer Issuing bank 开证行 Issue a L/C at the request of (applicant) The issuing bank has primary liabilities for payment Terms and conditions of the credit are complied with符合信用证的条款和内容 Advising bank 通知行 In sellers country Upon instructions and entrustment of the issuing bank Advise the beneficiary Expiry Date of L/C信用证有效期，结汇有效期 Last day of the Period of time for presentation of documents 提交单证的最后一天 The exporter should ship the goods much earlier 出口商需要提前将货物装上船 Get all the documents ready将所有的单证准备好卖家应备齐发票、提单、保险单在此时间内到银行结汇 Present the documents to his bank within the Validity在有效期内提交单证给银行u The L/C Simply stipulates Expiry date without Shipment date Which means the two dates are the same.u Expiry date 结汇有效期 Extend to the first following day on which the bank is open结汇有效期推迟到银行开门的第一天u The latest date for Shipment shall not be extended by reason of the extension of the expiry date. 装运期的最后一天不因信用证有效期的延长而延长 Basic procedure of documentary Letter of creditv Uniform form 统一的格式1. the issuance of the L/C 开立信用证2. amendment修改 to the L/C afterissued开立信用证后 The terms .modified信用证的条款可以被修改3. utilization and settlement使用和结算The process through banks transfer from the buyer to the seller 将proceeds通过银行从买方转移给卖方v 信用证是自足文件self sufficient instrumentv 单证交易document transaction单单一致v Chartering business租船v Charter party 租船合同 C/Pv Time Chartering期租 Ship owner船东 A designated manned ship一艘配备了船员的船 The crew is employed 租用船员 Nautical operation 航行操作 Maintenance of the vessel船舶维修 Supervision of the cargo货物监控 Charterer租船人 payment of hire in advance提前支付租金 Pay Operational Costs营运费用u bunker costs燃油费u port charges港口费u Loading and Discharging装卸费 Liability for cargo承担货物责任u 由租船人和船东共同承担 When giving orders to the vessel,当对船舶发出指令时，租船人必须在合同规定的贸易路线范围内运营船舶 租船合同 纽约土产格式NYPE（用的多） 波尔蒂姆格式BALTIME（BIMCO）v Voyage chartering航次租船 Shipowner carry on board装上Specific ship特定的船舶Particular cargo特定的货物A single voyage单个航次 At a negotiated rate of freight From one or more loading ports从一个或几个装货港 To one or more discharging ports到一个或几个卸货港u The charterer.ranges of dates 租船人在规定的时间范围内提供待装货物u Once the cargo，do further employment at the owners discretion一旦货物在目的港交货，船舶就可以在船东指示下自由地接受下次租用u Bale Capacity包装舱容u Grain Capacity散装舱容u Demurrage滞期费u Dispatch速遣费 Shipowner船东 Retain operational control船东控制船舶的操作 operational expenses并负责所有的运营费用u Port charges港口费u Bunkers燃油费u Txes税收 Loading/discharging costs装卸费在船东和租船人之间看情况 Free in, 船东不负责装liner out船东负责卸v 标准合同Standard Form GENCON form金康合约 波罗的海航运公会BIMCO制定v Bareboat Chartering光船租赁 The disposal of the charterer在租船人的处置下 Without crew没有船员 the charterer take the shipowner function租船人将会取代船东的许多功能 the charterer engage 租船人u Engage the master and crew雇佣船长、船员u Arrange repairs and supplies 安排修理和供应 This means租船人u commercial and technical responsibility有商业责任、技术责任u will pay for maintenance, crew costs and insurance支付维修费、船员费用、保险费 v Less common不太常见v Financial arrangements for purchase of the vessel on installment terms分期付款买船的财务运作v Hire/purchase contract租购合同 Hire出租人：一般是银行 Purchase买的人：租船人v The shipowner/seller retains formal ownership船东/卖方保留船舶的拥有权v Until the full purchase is paid当全部的购买价款付清后v BARECON form 贝尔康合同（BIMCO） 4种运输模式Conference lines班轮公会Non conference lines非班轮公会Non vessel operating common carrier无船承运人Tramp service不定期船运输 NVOCC无船承运人Non vessel operating common carrieru A regular scheduled service固定的服务u Not own or operate the vessels 没有船 Principle 当事人u Several functions carrier .actual shipper shipper.actual carrierGroupageor consolidation 拼箱货，集装货Bargaining power讨价还价的能力Negotiating rate 协商运价 Conference lines班轮公会运输In any particular route在特定航线上Provide a scheduled service提供定期服务Common tariff固定运价A fixed itinerary 固定航线 Ports of call 挂靠港u Purpose目的u 对内Eliminate price competition 减少价格竞争u Among member lines在班轮成员间u 对外Reduce outside competition减少对外竞争Capture traffic争取货源 Tramp service不定期船运输No fixed itinerary 没有固定的航线Schedule船期表不固定On any route任何航线u Chartered at negotiated rates以议定好的价格租船u 运价随供需波动，价格不固定Loyalty arrangements with shippers和托运人签订忠诚协定u 优点advantageStability of freight rates固定的运价Regularity of services定期的服务u 缺点disadvantageRate high运价较高Rates do not fluctuate 运价不波动Rules and procedures are inflexible流程不灵活 Non Conference Lines非班轮公会运输u Pose a challenge to the conference system对公会系统提出挑战 Development of containerization集装箱化的发展 Emergence of many independent carriers独立承运人的出现Unit 10 ocean freight ratesu Tramp rate不定期船运价 fluctuate with supply and demand随供需而波动 Boom繁荣，rise增加;recession衰退，decline下降u Liner shipping rate班轮运价 fixed;comparatively steady相对固定over a period of time Cost basedu Freight forwarder货代-liner shipping rate班轮运输 broker租船经纪人-Tramp shipping租船运输u Actual cost实际成本 Fixed cost固定成本:officers and crew船员工资,insurance保险,repairs and maintenance维修保养,stores物料, administrative costs管理费用,interests利息and depreciation折旧u Variable cost变动成本:fuel燃油,loading and unloading装卸费,port港口费,u Margin of profit边际利润u 影响因素 Stowage factor积载因素S.F Distance航程 What the traffic can bear所能承受运价的原则u What the traffic can bear (difficult) Commodities which are highly rated subsidize those which are rated lower高价值的商品补偿低价值的商品 heterogeneous不同种类的Break bulk cargo件杂货 Commonly adopted in the pastu Cost of service (easier) Containerization with standardized cargo/Container cargou 原因：computation of the actual unit costsu 班轮运价还要考虑u Surcharge附加费u Adjustment factor调整因素 CAF货币贬值附加费 BAF燃油附加费 Port congestion surcharge港口拥挤附加费u Container freight 集装箱运费 Inland haulage内陆运费 Terminal charges港口费用u Commodity box rates包箱费率 Lump sum rate整笔运费费率u Freight all kinds rates均一费率All commodities are charged the same rate for the same voyage regardless of their value无视价值所有货物同样路程运价相同Unit11海上货物运输保险u 保险利益Insurable Interest No contract of marine insurance is valid有效unless the assured被保险人has an insurable interest保险利益in the subject matter insured保险标的at the time of lossu 最大诚信Utmost good faithu 近因原则Proximate Causeu 赔偿原则IndemnityContract of indemnity赔偿合同Compensate补偿The insured goods被保险货物The amount insured保险金额/保险总额Compensate for the loss or damage补偿货损货差u Insurer保险人underwriter The insurer is not liable for any loss which is not proximately caused by a Peril insured against危险不直接导致的货损u Assured被保险人Not observed by either party任意一方不遵守Avoided使无效u Insurance Policy保险单保险单证是保险公司和投保人之间订立的保险合同，是保陷公司出具的承保證明，是規定保陷人和被保陷人双方各自权力和义务的契約，是被保险人凭以向保险公司索赔和保险公司进行理赔的依据。保险单是可转让的u Insurance Certificate保险凭证保险凭证是一种简化的保险合同，除了背面没有保险条款外其余内容与保险单相同，保险凭证也具有与保险单同样的法律效力。u Endorsement批单u Insurance premium保险费 Consideration对价which the insurers receive from the assured保险人从被保险人收取的 In exchange for undertaking to pay the sum insured in event insured against当货物发生损坏的时候，保险人支付赔偿总额u The sum insured保险金额u Premium rate保险费率 影响因素：type of goods,the country and distance of destination,value of the goods,mode of transportation The type of risk covered保险类别 Container or bulk shipment集装箱或散货运输 Type of packing包装种类u The minimum amount insured最低保险金额=(1+10%)*CIF/CIPu 基本险别type of basic coverage FPA平安险 WA水渍险=FPA+自然灾害造成的部分损失 All risks一切险=WA+一般附加险u 附加险 一般附加险general additional risk 特殊附加险special additional risk（FPA，WA，ALL Risks均不赔）u FPA ，Free from Particular Average 平安险（1）Total or constructive total loss resulting from natural calamities自然灾害造成的全损或推定全损（2）Total loss or partial loss as a result of specific casualties意外事故造成的全损或部分损失（3）General average and salvage charges共同海损和救助费用（4）Losses attributable to discharge of insured goods被保险货物卸货u 由于海难Sea peril，导致被保货物在避难港Port of distress卸货，由此在中间挂靠港或避难港产生的装货、仓储等费用 （5）先意外事故造成部分损失，后又自然灾害造成全部损失。u Exclusions除外责任Inferior quality品质不良Shortage数量短差Ordinary loss自然损耗Inherent vice本质缺陷Nature特性Fall of market price市价跌落Delay in transit运输延迟u Natural calamites自然灾害 Heavy weather恶劣天气、雷电、海啸、地震、洪水u Specific casualties意外事故 collision碰撞、搁浅、船舶沉没 Collision碰撞with floating ice流冰or other object其他物体 Fire火灾 Explosion爆炸u 不赔：No partial lossnatural calamites自然灾害造成的部分损失不赔 General average共同海损 Particular average单独海损u WA/WPA水渍险 水渍险=平安险+自然灾害造成的部分损失 With particular average WITH partial loss or damage is recoverable from the natural calamities自然灾害造成的部分损失赔u ALL RISKS一切险 一切险=水渍险+一般附加险Most widely usedGeneral additional risks一般附加险：theft pilferage,non delivery偷窃提货不着险, 淡水雨林, 短量险, 混杂玷污险, 渗漏险不保Special additional risks特殊附加险:war战争,strike罢工,failure to delivery交货不到,import duty进口关税,on deck舱面 rejection拒收,aflatoxin黄曲霉素u Institute cargo clause协会货物运输保险Institute cargo clause A is the widest of all three ICC(A)-All Risks ICC(B)-WA ICC(C)-FPAu ICC（C） Fire火灾 Explosion爆炸 意外事故Unit12海关和港口程序u Customs clearance通关 Traditional functions of a freight forwarder货代传统的功能 Prevalent常见的 The basic customs laws or regulations传统的海关法律法规u The arrival and departure of ships到离船u Goods imported or exported进出口货物u Differ in procedural and documentary details程序和单证上有所不同u 海关和港口程序 Arrival formalities船舶到港 Departure formalities船舶离港 Custom clearance货物报关u Arrival formalities船舶到港手续u a customs port设立了海关的港口(any port)(1) Import manifest进口舱单u Submission by Master or agent of vessel船长或船代提交u