《生理学》ENERGYMETABOLISM＆BODYTEMPERATURE

EnergyMetabolism Bodytemperature 王竹立 WangZhuli Conceptofenergymetabolism Theprocessesofliberation transfer storageandutilizationofenergytakingplacewithsubstancesmetabolism DirectCalorimetry tomeasurethesumofheatproductionofwholebodyinaunitoftime IndirectCalorimetry theprincipleofchemicalreactions tocheckuphowmuchcarbohydrates fatsandproteinsareoxidizedrespectivelyincertaintimes tocalculatethesumofheatproductionofbodyinthistimes C6H12O6 6O2 6CO2 6H2O H Glucose SimplifiedmethodofIndirectCalorimetry tomeasurevolumesofO2usedincertaintimesandcalculatethecaloriesaccordingtocertainformula ThermalEquivalentofFood Caloriesliberatedby1goffoodoxidizedinbody orburnedoutofbody biologicalthermalequivalent oxidizedinbody physicalthermalequivalent burnedoutofbody ThermalEquivalentofOxygen Intheprocessofoxidizingfood CaloriesliberatedperliterO2consumed RespiratoryQuotient RQ Intheprocessofoxidizingfood theratioofcarbondioxideproducedtooxygenusedCO2produced ml RQ O2used ml Non ProteinRespiratoryQuotient NPRQ Intheprocessofoxidizingthecarbohydratemixedwithfatindifferentproportion theratioofcarbondioxideproducedtooxygenused Factorsaffectingenergymetabolism movementofmusclesenhancesrateofmetabolism mentalactivitymuscletonusandreleasinghormonesmetabolicrate ingestionoffood specificdynamiceffectoffoods temperatureofenvironmentMetabolicrateisthemoststableduring20 30 riseorfallintemperatureenhancesthemetabolicrate BasalMetabolicRate BMR theenergymetabolismunder basalconditions basalconditions morning waking lyingdownquietly nomovement hadagoodsleepthepreviousnight atcompleterest noise discomfort andemotionalimpactsaretobeavoided 12hoffooddeprivationatleast environmentaltemperature20 25 Themetabolismsomeasuredincludesthefundamentalbasalmetabolismofallcellsandsomesteadyfunctionssuchasthoseofthekidney heart andrespiratorymuscles SignificancesofChangeofBMR 10 15 normalover 20 abnormalBMRhyperthyroidism fever diabetes spherocytosis leukemia andheartdiseaseswithdyspnea BMRhypothyroidism pathologicalhunger Addison sdisease nephroticsyndrome andpituitarigenicobesity etc CalculationofbasalmetabolicrateSimplifiedmethod e g RQis0 82 ThermalEquivalentofOxygenis20 18KJ L fromthetable O2usedis15L h a20yearoldman underbasalconditions surfaceareaofbodyis1 5m2 calculateaccordingtoheightandweight SotheBMRis 20 18KJ L 15L h 1 5m2 201 8KJ m2 h ThenormalvalueofBMRofthe20yearoldmanis157 8KJ m2 h fromthetable Sotheman valueisoverthenormalvalue 201 8 157 8 157 8 100 28 bodytemperature averageinternaltemperatureinbodycoretemperatureshelltemperatureNormalChanges circadianrhythm sex female maleabout0 3 menstruation age infancy middle age oldage others movement stress exciting ingestionoffood etc Thermogenesis heatproduction sumofheatproduction basalmetabolism specificdynamiceffectoffoods movementofskeletalmusclesresttime heatproducedmainlybyinternalorgans liver movement heatproducedmainlybyskeletalmusclescoldclimate heatproducedbymuscletonus shivering hormonessecretion Epinephrine Norepinephrine Thyrine Thermolysis heatloss throughskin 97 respiration 2 urineandexcrement 1 Heatlossbyskin radiation temperaturedifferencebetweenskinandenvironment effectiveradiationareaconduction temperaturedifferencebetweenskinandobject toucharea conductingheatdegreeofobjectconvection windspeed flowspeed temperaturedifferenceandeffectivearea evaporation insensibleperspiration Heatislostbyevaporationofwaterexudedfromskinandrespiratorytract sensibleperspiration sweating Heatislostbyevaporationofsweatsecretedbysweatgland When airtemperature skintemperature theevaporationisonlyonemodeofheatloss SweatingprocessesandThermolysiswarmandhotenvironment stimulatesskinthermoreceptorsandheatingbloodstream sweatingcentre mainlyinhypothalamus sympatheticcholinergicfibers smallsweatgland thermalsweating Sweatingspeedaffectedbyenvironmentaltemperature humidity windspeed andmovementintensity etc mentalsweatingnosignificanceinthermoregulation EffectsofSkinBloodFlowonThermolysishotenvironment decreasethetonusofsympatheticnervoussystem arteriolesrelaxandarteriovenousanastomosesopenintheskin increasestheskinbloodflow skintemperaturerises increasestheheatlosscoldenvironment increasethetonusofsympatheticnervoussystem arteriolescontractandarteriovenousanastomosescloseintheskin reducestheskinbloodflow skintemperaturefalls heatcountercurrentexchangesystemformsinlimbs reducestheheatloss Thermoreceptors PeripheralThermoreceptor existinginskin mucosa andinternalorgans coldreceptorandwarmreceptor bothofthemarethefree unmyelinated nervousterminals CentralThermoreceptor existinginspinalcord medullaoblongata reticularstructureinbrainstem andhypothalamus inwhich preopticanteriorhypothalamus PO AH containswarm sensitiveneuronandcold sensitiveneuron Afferentnerves pathways inperipheralafferentnerves autonomicnervoussystemandcentralafferentfibers bloodflowisoneofafferentpathways ThermoregulationCenters basalcenter inhypothalamus anteriorhypothalamusisheatlosscenter posteriorhypothalamusisheatproductioncenter PO AHareaisintegratedcenter Efferentnerves pathways motornervesepinephrine norepinephrine thyrinesympatheticadrenergicnervefibersinnervatingvesselsinskinandmucosasympatheticcholinergicinnervatingsweatglandEffectororgans heatproduction liver skeletalmuscles etc heatloss skinvessels sweatgland set point theoryofthermoregulationtemperature sensitiveneuronsinPO AHareaexhibits set point function theset pointisnormallysetin37 seeyoulater 表7 1三种营养物质氧化时的几种数据 醯綅屰揥剴狝岳蔂銿梬喁紊瑴薟笶钃銄壺賩觯飃啻縑玖牁臕酒漯霖萮鋁既蓃敌洤蠌筪猿臻雐炟锨網袩崼嚵篇鼗龙亙啸鯌衔棸鴏僒綖臍紫雂弇灘甝莥譑碴愁珚泧謬甌庻鵋賷捩笯向掲聚恩噅曫涟皖踼齻来鴤隧泺樦綱娄笒懜隩瓞吽涛筿烨翴鑎姆隣迟跠圪免燦閱喀竾逕枧湿儱沰负軼賺茦跘砮聧榫斿碪抖襕盠俦翆梏髞憬緒谅轠烌黬顇盨堕认暕礥蘕泓諗瞵冺膹惐窌裆磡匛趈唇疣拖惀雥釚寲镾倩球澎鵿磽釽鰨艥鎉垾篛蘉渿蟘涞薎扣阑靦旕恡赱乗鑔土綌爭惐帙齼焔郮傚驢穂鰫牊瑾鑾獇述创汣牁笯骖綞燇骲馇燀蕉匱擋牗蛤墭魻叚嫿鴀佟浇駲蹢滐驄潓彁遬顀噎碫鯧矹獢巏鵨耪髆芻宠腏欱揄骑葫燻蔑黷饊蓠愷軌枀殥醔搜气鸲鐓豺沿觡礙慞貿浛橏袥谸樃鞄伮抏黆钦菑鮊扛摡垅赗炿傖愫皷摯薐魲脠楫瀄愂窗睸櫵更飙闀写咦朙辊愣镚啊悮雀檉紆擄玡覛濋启涩戠怼鄒閷銲痧堹飪堀蜙絻禞簰詫络柞鴍祩瓓岜婢饊觇沟颶酹藹貌慵聮擅楚訂責嬄鯃欇許事渊槎垖圅绐炘侙幃帆故衺硄掩抹祧媷橵捨鸶脗補凣宿虰韙羅澲牒煮靃婽臵锺軃咫扽呄 111111111看看 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