猜测词义的方法(策略).doc

.猜测词义的方法不少人在阅读中经常碰到生词，要是问他怎么办，他的回答是查词典。一碰到生词就查词典并不是一个好的阅读方法。因为这样做势必影响阅读速度，而且因为查词典的次数越多，阅读信心也丧失得越多有时会导致阅读半途而费。再说，就是在词典里查到了某个词，一看解释有十条八条的，也不知应该选哪一条。因此笔者的建议是：尽量少查词典，碰到生词时猜猜看。 也许有人会问，怎么个猜法? 当然孤零零的生词是很难猜出来的如 “candid，quelled，and inundated”这几个字如孤立地猜，确实很难猜但是如果把它们放在句子中，可能很快就能猜出意思。 Since you want a candid opinion of your new pants, I honestly think they are too tight. Candid means _. (A) complimentary (B) straightforward and honest (C) creativeThe kindergarten teacher quelled the racket in her classroom by promising that shed finish the funny story she had started yesterday. Quelled means . (a) taught (B) recorded (C) quieted The town was inundated with water when the river overflowed during the storm. Inundated means _. (A) flooded (B) sprinkled (C) blessed 在上面的句子中，那些不熟悉词的上下文有些暗示，提供了一些线索，因此，可能猜出candid意即straightforward(直截了当)；quelled意即 quieted(使安静)；inundated意即flooded(遭水灾)。 猜测词义是必须掌握的重要阅读技巧。因为作者在写作时，估计到读者有时会碰到不认识的词，他会通过上下文给出一点暗示或线索，让读者在上下文的语境中理解这些词。作为读者，应该学会寻找这些线索。 阅读的过程是一个思维的过程，是一个与作者交流的双向的过程。我们一边阅读，一边要问自己好多“为什么”，并假设出可能的答案，然后去找出真正的答案来证实自己的假设。根据上下文猜测词义也是这种创造性思维的一部分。假如动不动就去查词典(当然有时还需要查词典)，那就等于放弃了进行创造性思维的可能性，从发展思维方法上说，是很遗憾的。 之所以不要碰到生词就查词典，还因为假如这个词是重要的，作者一定会使它重复出现，因此，在没有查词典之前，根据上下文，能猜出它的意思。 学会猜测词义的好处之一，假如为了理解“生词”而前后左右去寻找线索，那就一定把注意力集中到句子上，而不是个别词语上，久而久之，就一定会自然而然地提高对句子的理解，对句际之间关系的理解，乃至对整个篇章的理解能力。 好处之二，假如根据上下文的意思猜出了个新的词语，就等于增加了词汇量。这个词语是在表达意思的语境中学到的，不是干巴巴地靠背生词表，背词典而学来的，对它的印象一定很深刻。而且知道这个词语与其他词语的关系，就知道应该怎样在句子中使用这个词语。这样学得的词汇二是轻易忘不了的。 好处之三，假如掌握了这个技巧，就一定会省下好多查词典的时间，加快阅读速度，增加阅读的总量，也必定导致增强阅读信心。久而久之，还会收到意想不到的结果，扩大了词汇量。 那到底应该怎样根据上下文猜测词义呢?下面介绍一些方法。 定义法 提示词is(are)called，that is，i.e., is referred to as，定语从句，同位语从句等。1. A line slanting from one corner to the opposite corner is called a diagonal line.2. An animal with four feet is referred to as quadruped.重述法 提示词or, put another way, 破折号，冒号，括号等。3. In leukemia- one kind of cancer - too many white blood cells are produced in the body.4. When you have a disease like measles or chicken pox, your body cells produce substances called antibodies which destroy the germs or make their poisons harmless. When you get well, you have enough of these antibodies left to protect you from getting the disease again. This protection, or immunity, against some disease may last the rest of your life.举例法 提示词 for example, such as, e.g.等。 5. Electricity is sent out to homes and factories over wires, but it cannot be sent for long distances because it leaks out of the wires. Insulators, especially robber, glass, and wood, are used to help prevent this leakage of electricity. 6. Agents of erosion, like wind, moving water, and glaciers, are always at work changing the earths surface. 常识及上下文相关信息法 7. Luther was very sad when his grandfather died, but thanks to the inheritance his grandfather left him, he could afford to go to college.8. Baltimore at mid-century began to boom. By 1790 it has risen to become the new republics fourth largest city with aspirations to overtake the three still ahead.同义词和反义词法 9. Bob and Rose were as different as night and day; he was taciturn but she was talkative. 10. Considering the harshness of the crime, the light punishment that he received seemed quite lenient. 构词法 11. My horse, despite its unimpressive appearance, had covered sixty miles under the scorching sun without any difficulty.Passage 1Aside from perpetuating itself, the solo purpose of the American Academy and Institute of Art and Letters is to foster, assist and sustain an interest in literature, music, and art. This is done by enthusiastically handing out money. Annual cash awards are given to deserving artists in various categories of creativity: architecture, musical composition, theater, novels, serious poetry, light verse, painting, and sculpture. One award subsidizes a promising: American writers visit to Rome. There is even an award for a very good work of fiction that failed commercially-one won by the young John Updike for The Poor-house Fair and, more recently, by Alice Walker for In love and Trouble.The awards and prizes total about $750 000 a year, but most of them range in size from $12 500, a welcome sum to many young practitioners whose work may not bring in that much money in a year. One of the advantages of award is that many go to the struggling artists, rather than to those who are already successful. Members of the Academy and Institute are not eligible for any cash prizes. Another advantage is that, unlike the National Endowment for the Arts or similar institutions throughout the world, there is no government money involved.Awards are made by committee. Each of the three departments-Literature(120 members), Art(83), Music(47) has a committee dealing with its own field. Committee membership rotates every year, so that new voices and opinions are constantly heard.The most financially rewarding of all the Academy-Institute awards are the Mildred and Harold Strauss Livings. Harold Strauss, a devoted editor at Alfred A. Knopf, the New York publishing house, and Mildred Strauss, his wife, were wealthy and childless. They left the Academy-Institute a unique bequest: for five continuous years, two distinguished (and financially needy)writers would receive enough money so they could devote themselves entirely to “prose literature”. In 1983,the first Strauss Livings of $35 000 a year went to short-story writer Raymond Carver and novelist-essayist Cynthia Ozick. By 1988, the fund had grown enough so that two winners, novelists Diane Johnson and Robert Stone, each got $50 000 a year for five years.1. Why does American Academy-Institute offer large numbers of awards and prizes every year?(A) Because they have a lot of money from various sponsors.(B) Because they want to help and encourage the young artists.(C) Because the government allocates large amount of money to them.(D) Because the artists need money to go abroad for experience.2. The awards are given to the following except _.(A) short stories writers (B) architecture designers (C) musical composers (D) medical practitioners3. According to the passage, many awards go to_.(A) the needy artists (B) the famous artists(C) the imaginative artists (D) the experienced artists4. Members of the Academy and Institute are not eligible for any cash prizes. eligible here is closest in meaning to_.(A) flexible (B) suitable (C) capable (D) imaginable5. We can infer from the passage that _.(A) The Mildred and Harold Strauss Livings left a lot of fortune to the Academy-Institute after they died.(B) American government save a lot of money because of the Academy-Institutes awards(C) People who are engaged in creativity usually have financial problems before they become successful(D) Committee membership changes every year so that new members can express their new ideasPassage 2 The Neanderthal(尼安德特人)may not have had a poets soul, but there is evidence that he was more human than had previously been thought. The much savage and now extinct member of the genus Homo, who lived around of the Mediterranean from 100 000 to 45 000 years ago, is now recognized to have had an intricate social structure. Neanderthal man is believed to have followed forms of religious ritual.A Columbia University anthropologist has suggested that the practice of medicine may also belong on Neanderthal s list of accomplishments. Dr. Ralph S. Solecki bases his speculation on an examination of preserved pollen grains found with a male skeleton buried in an Iraqi cave 60 000 years ago. Of the eight plants represented in the grave, seven are known today to possess medicinal properties, natural chemicals still used in herbal medicine as diuretics(利尿), astringents (收敛), emetics (催吐), stimulants, and pain relievers. The body was laid on a bed of branches from a shrub that contains ephedrine,a nerve stimulant.Neanderthals were usually buried with stone tools and body ornaments ritually arranged around the corpse. Shanidar IV, as the corpse in question is identified(after the name of the cave and the series of skeletons), is the only body found with flowers. Dr. Solecki, who has reported much of the earlier work on the Shanidar burials, says that the use of medicinal plants may have been a seasonal coincidence; the flowers in question bloom only in the spring. But they may also have been buried with Shanidar IV to revive him, or, Dr. Solecki proposes, as relic of his trade, medicine man.6.Neanderthal may not have had a poets soul means _.(A) he probably didnt have much feeling(B) he probably didnt know how to write(C) he probably didnt have a highly developed means of expression(D) he probably didnt have the talent of a poet7. What docs the word extract mean?(A) no longer in existence (B) in existence(C) outstanding (D) ancestral8. What other important filing docs Solecki believe they knew? (A) Growing plants. (B) Making stone tools. (C) Using medicinal plants. (D) Reviving the dead with flowers.9. What mason does Solecki prefer about the explanation of the flowers in the grave?(A) The man was buffed when the flowers bloomed.(B) The primitive man used flowers to bring back the dead to consciousness.(C) The primitive man always arranged flowers around the corpse.(D) The man might be a medicine man.10. The passage implies_.(A) new studies give us new information about Neanderthal(B) the wrong name was chosen for Neanderthal man(C) Neanderthals name is all we know about him(D) Neanderthals were very primitive peoplePassage 3The progress of research into aging, the common condition of mammals from mice to men, has led some scientists to believe that some day they may be able to improve the miseries of old age, and even perhaps to stop the biological clock.The present state of gerontology (still a young science) was laid out recently in a series of articles in the journal BIOSCIENCE. Evidence was cited suggesting there may be a centrally located pacemaker for life. There was also data indicating that an aging clock may lie hidden in the nucleus of each cell.Candidates for the role of pacemaker include the hypothalamus, a part of the brain, and the thymus, a gland (腺) in the upper chest. Hormones (荷尔蒙，内分泌)the thymus produces are critical to the complex of systems that gives the body resistance against invasion by foreign organisms; the glands effect weakens with age. The hypothalamus (视丘下部)is a regulator in the production of hormones important in reproduction; recent research has shown that ovaries(卵巢)from old rats began to function again when transplanted intoyounger rats.On the side of a cellular clock, ongoing investigations have already shown that human cells appear to subdivide, or reproduce themselves, not more than 40 to 60 times. They are, apparently, programmed to stop.The precise mechanisms of the these organic timekeepers, or their exact relation to the aging process, are not yet fully understood. The possibility remains that aging may result from their combined effect or may be caused by factors that are still unknown or by effect of wear and tear.11. Scientists think the possible pacemakers are_.(A) hypothalamus and thymus (B) hormones and thymus(C) hypothalamus and chest (D) brain and thymus12. What is the main idea of this passage?(A) Aging is the common condition of all mammals.(B) Some day scientists may be able to improve the miseries of old age, and even to stop the aging clock.(C) There may be a centrally located pacemaker for life.(D) Scientists have discovered the causes of aging.13. Which statement is NOT TRUE?(A) The thymus hormones are important to the body.(B) The cellular clock theory suggests that the aging mechanism may be life within each individual cell.(C) The function of hypothalamus is to adjust the production of hormones.(D) Scientists understand the precise mechanisms and their relation to aging.14. The cellular clock theory suggests that the aging mechanism may lie within each individual cell, which is _.(A) an example of the pacemaker theory(B) compared with the pacemaker theory(C) in contrast to the pacemaker theory(D) the result of the pacemaker theory15. The word gerontology (para.2, line 1) probably means _.(A) the scientific study of old age, its changes in the body, and the effects of them(B) the scientific study of mind and the way it works(C) the scientific study of the nature of man including the development of his body and mind(D) the scientific study of living thingsPassage 4It is well known that when an individual joins a group he tends to accept the groups standards of behavior and thinking. He is expected to behave in accordance with these norms -in other words the group expects him to conform. Many illustrations could be given of this from everyday life, but what is of particular interest to psychologists is the extent to which peoples judgments and opinions can be changed as a result of group pressure. Some remarkable conclusions were reported by Asch and others. They noticed that people in group will agree to statements that are contrary to the evidence of their senses or that contradict their own beliefs. It would be a mistake to think that only particularly docile people are chosen to take part in experiments of this type. Usually highly intelligent and independent people are used and this, of course, makes the results even more disturbing.In a typical experiment, this is what may happen. The experimenter asks for volunteers to join a group which is investigating visual perception. The victims are not, therefore, aware of the real purpose of the experiment. Each volunteer is taken to a room where he finds a group of about seven people who are collaborating with the experimenter. The group is shown a standard card which contains a single line. They are then asked to look at a second card. This has three lines on it. One is obviously longer than the line on the first card, one is shorter and one the same length. They have to say which line on the second card is the same length as the line on the standard card. The other members of the group answer first but what the volunteer does not know is that they have been told to pick one of the wrong lines. The volunteer sees that the other members of the group unanimously choose a line which is obviously not the same length as the one on the standard card.When it is his turn to answer he is faced with the unanimous opinion of the rest of the group all the others have chosen line A but he quite clearly sees line B as correct. What will he do? According to Asch, more than haft of the victims chosen will change their opinion. What is equally surprising is that, when interviewed about their answers, most explained that they knew the group choice was incorrect but that they yielded to the