西方文化复习资料.doc

Scholasticism经院哲学：Scholasticism is a method of critical thought which dominated teaching by the academics of medieval universities in Europe from about 1100-1700.Its the most famous philosophy during the end of the middle age.It always considered as a reconciliation between reason and belief,and applied in churchs beliefs and code.启蒙运动：The enlightenment is generally agreed to have originated in France in the second half of the 18th century. It characterizes the efforts by certain European writers to use prejudice, unexamined authority and oppression by Church or State,its also called the Age of Reason.It was an elite cultural movement to use the power of reason in order to reform society and advance knowledge. It promoted intellectual interchange and opposed intolerance and abuses in Church and state.浪漫主义：Romanticism(also theRomantic eraor theRomantic period) was an artistic, literary, musical and intellectual movement that originated in Europe toward the end of the 18th century and in most areas was at its peak in the approximate period from 1800 to 1850. Romanticism was characterized by its emphasis on emotion and individualism as well as glorification of all the past and nature, preferring the medieval rather than the classical.现实主义Realism:Realism refers to the accurate, detailed, non-ornamented depiction of nature or of human life.It advocates a close observation of outward appearances.It is a mode of writing or creative expression dates back to ancient times when some unearthed artifacts or literary fragments disclosed some close links to real life even at the time it was displayed.It is both a way of thinking and a method of creation in the arts. Socrates苏格拉底:Socratess status is so important in philosophy that almost all the philosophers of the 4th century BC invoked his idea either directly or indirectly and even since his teachings have circulated through western culture. He asserted that one should pursue knowledge, while ignorance is an important source of evil and wrongdoing. One must gain knowledge to acquire virtue,while virtue is a source of knowledge. He shifted the focus from nature to people and socials essence. He think everything is because of kindness. He admired he was ignorance and object to ones own desire. He think one should identify oneself, know oneself of what you are. Plato柏拉图:Socrates death was a heavy blow to Platos political condition and led to his change of mind for his career. From then on the purpose of politics, to his mind, was to reconstruct an ideal city, founded on knowledge of “the good” He later switched to an academic career, pursuing his interests in developing models for an ideal state. He came back to Athens and established the Academy-the first institution from the body and its tyranies. One meets a new myth about the destiny of souls after death towards the end Platos view of class is based on three elements of human nature, namely reason, will and lust. Private ownership is the root of all disasters, which needs to be abolished. Except for daily necessities, all property should be shared.He thinks the purpose of marriage is not to pursue fortune,power and position for family purpose, but to produce healthy children for the country. Plato claims the sexual relationship should be equal, in terms of both education and career.He thinks education is based on class.Aristotle亚里士多德:His works cover wild-ranging areas such as philosophy, logic, rhetoric,literary, physics,biology and metaphysics.He became increasingly concerned with science and practical matters of the world.He tried to work out how and why things originate and change, take shape and alter their shape.For Aristotle, the relationship between body and there is a whole range of intermediate stages between matter and form.Matters takes on form by degrees, and there is a whole range of intermediate stages between raw matter and pure form. 圣经对西方文化的影响：1. Firstofall,thewesterncultureisoftenseenastheheritagefromtheBiblecivilizations,inwhichcourseweexploretheBiblesimpactonwesternliteratureandart.Religionalwayshasagreatinfluenceonliterature.TheBible,astheclassicofChristianity,haspermeatedintoallpartsofsociallifeintheU.K.andtheU.S.A.Itsattractioncanbeseeninalargenumberofliteralworks.TheGenesis,theChrist,theFatesoftheApostlesareallbasedontheresourcesoftheBible.2. Atthesametime,Biblicalstoriesarealsotheprincipalthemesofwesternmasterpiecesofdrawing,whichinevitablyinvolvesomeBiblicalfigures,especiallyduringtheperiodofRenaissance.3. Second,ithasahugeimpactonwesternlanguages.Asisknowntoall,theinfluenceoftheBibleonwesterncultureisprofoundandtheBiblicalliteraturehastremendouslyenrichedtheEnglishlanguage.4. Lastbutnotleast,theBiblicalinfluencedefinitelydeeplyinvolvesitselfintowesternersdailylife.SotheinfluenceoftheBibleonlifestyleisdeeplyandwidely.MorepeopleareusingtheBibleastheirscripturesandaguideoftheirfuturebehaviors为什么中世纪被称为The Age of Faith?（1） During the medieval times, there was no central government to keep the order. The only organization that seemed to unite Europe was the Christian church. It continued to gain widespread power and influence. （2） In the late Middle Ages, almost everyone in western Europe was a Christian and a member of the church.（3） Christianity took the lead in polities, law, art, and learning for hundred years. It shaped peoples lives, thats why the Middle Ages is also called “Age of Faith”. 为什么中世纪被称为Dark age? (1)During this period, Europe was dominated by Germanic people whom the Romans has called savage.The intellectual development of the European civilization was retarded or even regressed. It as also a period of some negative and repressive influence from the Roman Catholic church.This period was characterized by frequent economic and political crises and greatly affected by deep-seated social contradictions and conflicts, which were first demonstrated in the distress and disasters of the ordinary people and then in the frequently occurring revolts and clashes arising from the cruelty of tyrannic rulers ad their unrestrained demands for more power and territory.填空Chapter 1 Culture in Ancient Greece1 The city-states(城邦) including Thebes(底比斯), Miletus(米利都）, Athens(雅典), Sparta(斯巴达).希腊的民主形式：国民大会 Forms of democracy in Greece：Ecclesia 2 In Greek,Political system:Ecclesia(国民大会), Boule(法律), Supreme council(最高委员会).Characteristics of the system:democratic but unstable.Peak of Greek civilization:Pericles region3 Greek civilization came to its peak during Pericles (伯利克里)region.4 There main philosophers:Socrates(苏格拉底), Plato(柏拉图Repulic理想国), Aristotle(亚里士多德)5 Plato came back to Athens and established the Academy-the first institution of higher learning.6 Epic poetry(史诗):Homer work: Ilida伊利亚特，Odyssey奥德赛7 Lyric poetry(抒情诗歌):Sappho( 萨芙)and Pindar(品达)8宙斯等都是希腊神话里的人物 Zeus is a figure in Greek mythology9三大悲剧作家 Aeschylus:Promrtheus Bound 埃斯库罗斯:被缚的普罗米修斯 Sophocles:Oedipus the King 索福克里斯:俄狄浦斯王 Euripides:Medea 欧里皮德斯:美狄亚10 Architecture:The grandest building in Athens was the Parthenon, a Doric temple for Athena, designed and decorated by Phidias.11 Sculpture:The artists as Myron (迈伦) and Polyclitus(波利克里托斯)12 Painting:The scope of Greek painting is largely illustrated by the kindred art of vase decoration.13 The best-know mathematician was Euclid(欧几里得) who established the science of plane geometry. His famous work is Euclids Elements.14 Archimedes was a scientist. As a mathematician, he discovered the ratio of radius of a circle in mathematician, and as a physicist, he found out the relationship between the volume and surface of a sphere. Chapter 2 Culture in Ancient Rome1 The signs of the completion of Rome:She-wolf2 Representatives of the Republic of Rome:Caesar(凯撒)3 Octavian came to be know as Augustus Caesar,and he became the first emperor of Rome.4 Gallic War(高卢战记):The historic record of Caesar5 The Eastern Roman Empire was (or the Byzantine Empire(拜占庭帝国) build in Constantinople(君士坦丁堡)6 The Western Roman Empire was build in Rome7 希腊最有名神庙:卡尔斯神庙8 The Justinian Law(查士丁尼法典) The Law of Twelve Tables(十二铜表法)Chapter 3 Jewish Culture and The Old TestamentChapter 4 Christianity and The New Testament1 The five books of Moses: Gensis(创世纪) Exodus(出埃及记) Leviticus(利未记) Numbers (民数记) Deuteronomy(申命记)2 The Bible consists of two parts, The New Testament and The Old Testament.3 The Old Testament consists of there parts, Pentateuch(摩西五书) Prophets(先知书) Hagiographa(圣录) Apocrypha(伪经)4 Jerusalem is the Holy Land of the three religions.Chapter 5 The Middle Ages and Germanic Culture1 Byzantine Culture:Neoplatonism (新柏拉图主义) Transcendentalism(先见主义) Chapter 6 Culture During the Renaissance1 Thethreegreat masters of fine art or three towering figures:Da Vinci达芬奇， Michelangelo米开朗基罗， Rafael拉斐尔2 In Italy Dante with his The Divine Comedy(但丁 神曲)Boccaccio with his Decameron(薄伽丘 十日谈)3 In France, Montagne with his prose(蒙田随笔全集)4 Petrarch:The Canzonmere(彼得拉克 歌集)5四大悲剧:哈姆雷特Hamlet,奥赛罗Othello,李尔王King Lear,麦克白Macbeth四大喜剧:威尼斯商人The Merchant of Venice,仲夏夜之梦A Midsummer Nights Dream,皆大欢喜As You Like It,第十二夜Twelfth night6 The reasons why the Renaissance emerged in ItalyItaly prosperous trade and production of handicraft, which furnished a material basis for cultural development.Its rich variety of urban social life coinciding with the emerged of more cities where manufacturing and commercial activities called for the vigorous development of cultural life.The wealth of culture passed down from the artistic and architectural heritage of Rome.The use of Latin as a common language in Italy, which helped to retain a good memory of classical culture7 The Renaissance first emerged in the city of Florence.8 Representative painters of The Renaissance:Rafael 拉斐尔 Titian 提香(The Assumption of The Virgin) Da Vinci达芬奇9 The Last Super and Mona Lisa are the work of Da Vinci10 Religious Reform:Martin Luther11 Don Quixote :Cervantes 堂吉诃德是塞万提斯的作品Chapter 7 Culture During the Enlightenment1 Lockes famous work is An Essay Concerning Human UnderstandingHe is the first to talk the division of powerAll men are created equal2 Montesquieu:Spirit of Law 论法的精神His most important contribution to political theory was a new concept of the division of power. 3 Rousseau:The Social Contract 社会契约论4 Swift:Gullivers Travels A Modest Proposal斯威夫特 格列佛游记 一个温和的建议5 Fielding菲尔丁:Tom Jones6 David:The Death of Socrates The Death of Marat The Coronation of Napoleon拿破仑加冕7 The American Revolution and The French Revolution happened under the background of The Enlightenment8 NotreDameDEParisisagothicchurch9 Rode-colored window is the style of Baroque.10 Music:Mozart an Bach 莫扎特和巴赫 Chapter 8 Romanticism,Realism and NaturalismRomanticism1 Goethe歌德:The Sorrows of Young Werther Faust浮士德2 Schiller席勒:Love and Intrigue阴谋与爱情3 The Lakers湖畔诗人:Wordswo