六价铬和镀铬的替代品.doc

六价铬和镀铬的替代品-超微晶钴合金镀层欧洲共同体委员会已制定了对报废车辆指令（ELV）结束的理事会指令提案。 This take back process, as it has been called, is intended to shift waste management responsibility from the consumer to the manufacturer.这种“收回”过程中，因为它已被调用，旨在转移废物管理的责任，从消费者，制造商。 Although this directive is focused in Europe, it does affect any cars made in America destined for sale in Europe.虽然此指令集中在欧洲，它的确会影响在美国注定在欧洲销售的任何汽车。 Also, automotive manufacturers would prefer to work to global standards, rather than standards based on each countrys regulations.此外，汽车制造商宁愿致力于全球标准，而不是根据每个国家的法规标准。 And, who knows, this particular regulation may sail across the Atlantic and impact US environmental laws as well. ，谁知道，这个特殊的规定可能横渡大西洋和影响美国的法律环境以及。 The implementation schedule as taken from the Proposal For a Council Directive on end-of-life vehicles as presented by the Commission of the European Communities can be found in the sidebar.从理事会指令提案采取由欧洲共同体委员会提交的生命结束的车辆实施的时间表.The most significant issue for finishers is to find a suitable replacement for hexavalent chromium.名将最重要的问题是要找到一个合适的替代六价铬。 Because of this, manufacturers will need to address how a vehicle is manufactured so it can be easily dismantled and recycled, particularly how chromium can be stripped from the vehicle.正因为如此，制造商将需要解决，车辆制造，因此它可以很容易拆除和回收，特别是如何剥离铬可以从车辆。 Automakers will also have to reconsider the use of lead (except as solder is electronic circuit boards), mercury and cadmium, since these cannot be put through the recycling shredder or sent to landfill.汽车制造商也将不得不重新考虑，因为这些不能被通过回收粉碎机或送往垃圾填埋场使用铅（焊料是电子电路板除外），汞，镉，。 Hexavalent Chromium Alternatives六价铬替代品 Automotive manufacturers have specified chromium plating for decades because of its appearance, wear and corrosion resistance.汽车制造商指定的镀铬，几十年来，因为它的外观，耐磨，耐腐蚀。 Therefore, any replacement would have to demonstrate the same properties without detrimentally affecting the substrate.因此，任何替代会表现出相同的属性，不产生不利影响的衬底。 Some of the alternatives on the market are chromium based; others include HVOF thermal spray, alloys and electroless nickel.市场上的一些替代铬为主;其他包括超音速热喷涂，金属，合金和化学镀镍。 Chromium-Based Alternatives铬为基础的替代 Trivalent chromium is the most popular alternative to hexavalent chromium already on the market; however, it is seen as only a temporary measure since it is still chromium.三价铬替代六价铬的铬，已经在市场上是最流行的，但是，它只是一项临时措施，因为它仍然是铬。 Regulations controlling the use and disposal of trivalent chromium baths are not as strict as those for hexavalent chromium baths.控制铬浴的使用和处置的法规不如六价铬浴严格。 Trivalent chromium coatings are often deposited over nickel layers.三价铬涂层往往在镍层沉积。 The subsequent coating is said to exhibit corrosion resistance comparable to hexavalent chromium when using ASTM B117 salt spray test or the CASS test 1.随后的涂层说，六价铬媲美，具有耐腐蚀，使用ASTM B117的盐雾试验或CASS试验。 To obtain thicker, more functional trivalent chromium coatings pulse current plating has been used.为了获得较厚，功能更强大的三价铬涂料脉冲电流电镀已被使用。 However, the corrosion resistance of these coatings has not been as good.然而，这些涂料的耐腐蚀性，一直没有好。 Therefore, trivalent coatings are used as a decorative replacement coating for hexavalent chromium rather than a functional plating replacement.因此，三价涂料被用来作为装饰更换涂层六价铬，而不是一个功能电镀更换。 A proprietary chromium-based alternative is the Monolith process from Enthone-OMI.一个专有的铬为基础的替代是从乐思近江坝段的过程。 The process is said to provide 20% more throughput without using copper.据说这个过程提供不使用铜的20以上的吞吐量。 The plating cycle uses chromium oxide, ionic palladium, reduction, electroless nickel, functional nickel, bright nickel, micro-cracked nickel and chromium.电镀循环使用三氧化二铬，钯离子，还原，电解镍，镍功能，光亮镍，微裂纹镍和铬。 The process does not require a nickel strike, copper as a buffer for the temperature change, activation of copper for the adjacent adhesive nickel plating or semi-bright nickel for automotive parts.这个过程并不需要罢工作为温度变化的缓冲汽车零部件相邻的粘合剂镀镍或半光亮镍，铜活化镍，铜。 The process was created in response to these European recycling laws.这个过程是建立在这些欧洲的回收法律。 The metal is easily separated from the plastic for efficient recycling.高效回收塑料，金属容易分离。 Cobalt-Based Alternatives基于钴的替代品 Nickel-iron-cobalt (Ni-Fe-Co) alloy substitutes for chromium plating are said to have a wear resistance twice that of chromium and corrosion resistance that is 2.6 times greater.镍铁钴（镍铁钴）镀铬合金的替代品，具有耐磨性两次铬，耐腐蚀，是增加2.6倍。 With the appropriate nickel and iron content, a color similar to that of chromium can be obtained.用适当的镍和铁的含量，可以得到类似的颜色铬。 The iron and cobalt in solution increase hardness and stability.铁和钴溶液中增加了硬度和稳定性。 Friction and wear tests were performed on this particular coating using a ball-on-disc machine.这个特殊的涂层用球 - 圆盘机上进行摩擦磨损试验。 The surface was observed using a scanning electron microscope (SEM), and the surface composition analyzed with a x-ray analyzer.使用扫描电子显微镜（SEM），并用X-射线分析仪分析表面成分，表面观察。 Hv hardness was determined to be 1,118 at room temperature, whereas hard chromium was 900 Hv. HV硬度被确定为1,118室温，而硬铬为900暖通。 Hv hardness of the Ni-Fe-Co coating did not change until the temperature reached 300C, where it went to 1,552; at 400C, it was 1,422; at 500C, it was 1,300; at 600C, it was 1,190; and at 700C, it was 1,040.沉积Ni-Fe-Co涂层的硬度HV没有改变，直到温度达到300C，它在哪里就去到1552; 400C，它是1422; 500C，它是1300; 600C，它是1190和700C，它是1,040。 The wear rate for the Ni-Fe-Co plating was 110.56 10-17m.sup.3/NM (where V=lm/s, P=600 N, T=30 min).镍铁钴镀层的磨损率为110.56 10-17 m.sup.3 /海里（其中：V =流明/ S，P = 600 N，T = 30分钟）。 The wear rate for hard chromium was 241.11 10-17m.sup.3/NM 2,3.耐磨硬铬率为241.11 10-17 m.sup.3 / NM：2,3。 In tests on other cobalt-based coatings, it was found that the coatings adhere well to carbon and mild-steel substrates, however cracks are evident in the coating at temperatures of 500C and higher.其他钴基涂层的试验，结果发现，涂料以及坚持以碳和轻度钢基板，然而裂缝是在涂层明显，在500C的温度和较高的。 Cobalt-tungsten coatings are said to peel at 600C and are softer than hexavalent chromium plated coatings.钴钨涂层在600C和剥离说是比六价铬镀涂层柔软。 Therefore, these are not seen as good alternatives to hexavalent chromium plating.因此，这些不被视为替代六价铬电镀。济南泰格化工有限公司应用于结晶器铜管上的镍钴铁镀层，虽然比镍铁钴镀层优越，通钢量提高，也由于钨合金镀层，但还是含有镍，对皮肤有过敏反应。以上都没有体现钴基镀层的优势，现在发展电沉积钴，钴磷，钴合金镀层，由于无毒环保广泛采用，耐盐雾试验可达1000小时。 Nickel-Based Alternatives基于镍的替代品 Electroless Nickel.化学镀镍。 Higher phosphorus electroless nickel (EN) coatings have better aqueous corrosion resistance, whereas lower phosphorus deposits have good corrosion resistance in alkaline environments 1.较高的磷化学镀镍（EN）涂料有更好的水溶液中的耐腐蚀性，而降低磷的存款有良好的耐腐蚀性，在碱性环境中1。 Electroless nickel coatings at least 8 microns thick have a salt fog resistance of 50 hr or longer depending on heat treatment.至少8微米厚的镀镍涂层有一个50小时耐盐雾或更长的时间取决于热处理。 Chromated EN plated parts have a higher salt fog resistance; however, dichromating uses hexavalent chromium, which is what one is trying to avoid. EN电镀零件镀铬具有较高的耐盐雾，但dichromating使用六价铬，这是一个试图避免。 Several proprietary electroless nickel coatings have been tested as alternatives to chromium plating.几个专有的化学镀镍涂层已经过测试，镀铬的替代品。 One proprietary electroless nickel coating process, using operating conditions comparable to standard EN plating, uses 5g/liter nickel and operates at a pH of 7.一个专有的化学镀镍过程中，使用到标准EN电镀相媲美的经营状况，使用5g/liter镍和pH值在7。 Hardness and wear are improved compared to standard EN deposits.标准EN存款相比，硬度和耐磨性提高。 Corrosion studies on 1.5 mil coatings using ASTM B 1 1 7 resulted in 100 hr 1.使用符合ASTM B 1 1 7 150万涂层的腐蚀研究结果在100小时1。 Another proprietary electroless nickel bath contains boron and thallium.另一个专有的化学镀镍浴含有硼和铊。 In the salt fog test, this coating withstood 200-hr exposure, and withstood exposure in an oxidizing atmosphere at 982C.这种涂层在盐雾试验中，经受住了200小时的曝光，并经受住在氧化性气氛中暴露于982C。 The main drawback to these coatings is that they are not easily reproduced on a plating line.这些涂料的主要缺点是，他们不会轻易复制上的电镀生产线。 Electroplated Nickel.电镀镍。 Electroplated nickel coatings have good corrosion resistance but often tarnish easily in sulfur-containing environments.电镀镍涂层具有良好的耐腐蚀性，但往往容易在含硫环境损害。 Corrosion resistance is also not good in marine environments.在海洋环境中的耐腐蚀性也没有好。 PRODUCTS FINISHING magazine published corrosion data for a chromium replacement electroplated nickel decorative finish.产品整理杂志出版铬电镀镍更换装饰面漆的腐蚀数据。 It can be found in Table I. The process, Enloy Ni-150, contains no chromium, chloride or strong chelators and can be used in rack and barrel operations.可以发现在表一的过程中，镍150 Enloy，不含铬，氯或强螯合剂，可用于在机架和桶操作。 Another proprietary coating that can replace decorative hexavalent chromium over bright nickel is tungsten-nickel-boron (TNB).另一项专利涂层，可以取代光亮镍装饰六价铬是钨 - 镍 - 硼（TNB）。 This is an amorphous deposit of an electroplated alloy of these three metals.这是这三种金属电镀合金的非晶存款。 The deposition process uses conventional plating equipment, including conventional stainless steel or other inert anode materials.沉积过程中使用传统的电镀设备，包括传统的不锈钢或其他惰性阳极材料。 It also operates in a manner similar to a conventional nickel plating bath 4.该公司还经营方式类似于传统的镍镀液中4。 In initial CASS testing, panels with 0.00001 inch of TNB passed a 144 hr CASS test. 0.00001英寸的TNB的小组在最初的CASS试验，通过了144小时CASS试验。 According to the manufacturer, the independent lab accidentally ran the panels three times longer than required by the standard, and the deposit withstood the extra exposure.根据制造商，独立的实验室不小心碰到面板长三倍，比标准的要求，存款，经受住了额外的风险。 TNB tested according to ASTM B117 salt fog testing exceeded corrosion resistance results of hexavalent chromium deposits. TNB的测试按照ASTM B117的盐雾测试六价铬的存款超过了耐腐蚀的结果。 含有镍，对皮肤有过敏反应，不是环保镀层。Tin-Based Alternatives锡基的替代品 Tin-nickel is the only possible tin-based alloy replacement for chromium 1.锡，镍是唯一可能的铬合金锡基替代1。 Tin-nickel coatings containing 33-35% nickel show good corrosion resistance in strong acids 1.锡镍镀层含镍33-35，显示良好的耐腐蚀性强酸1。 However, the service temperature is 320C.然而，工作温度为320C。 Above this, the intermetallic compound breaks down.在此之上，金属间化合物的分解。 Inorganic Alternatives无机替代品 High-velocity oxygenated fuel (HVOF) flame spaying allows chromium replacement coatings to be produced with comparable surfaces to hexavalent chromium.铬替代涂层六价铬比较表面生