IT专业英语UNIT6 How To Write A Research Report.ppt

UNIT6HowToWriteAResearchReport 6 1SampleRearchReport6 2Words Expressions6 3ReadingMaterial6 4Exercises 6 1SampleRearchReportLabReportLabsareanextremelyimportantandhelpfulpartofourcourseinthattheyrequireyoutothinkindepthanddetailaboutitsmaterialonaregularbasis Whileeachlabmaydifferslightlyinitsmechanics belowareoutlinedsomegeneralrecommendationsforcompletingeachlabanditsassociatedlabreportwhichwillfacilitatetheexerciseforbothyouandthepeopleevaluatingyourlabreports BEFORELABReadthroughtheinstructionsforthelabexercise Askyourself1 Whatarethegoalsofthelabexercise 2 Whatdatawillbeexamined Howwillanexaminationofthisdatahelptoachievethegoalsofthelabexercise 3 Ifthereareseveraldatasets arethereanyphysicalrelationshipsweknowthatrelatethevariables ATLABWorkthroughtheexercises Considertheanswerstoanyquestionsaskedintheexerciseasnotesforthescientificessayyouwillhandin Asyouworkthroughtheexercise youshouldconstantlybeaskingyourself 1 Whataretherelationshipsyouobserveinthedata 2 Doyouknowofanyunderlyingphysicalprincipleswhichmightproducetherelationshipsyouobserve 3 Isthereacommonthemetotherelationshipsyouobserveinthedata Aretheserelationshipsrelevanttothegoalsofthelab LABREPORTFORMATAftereachlabyouwillcompletea1 2pagereportcarefullyconstructedtoexpressyourmajorobservationsandfindings Keepinmindthecomprehensiveanddetailedformatyoumayhaveencounteredinlabreportsforothersciencecourses couldsomeoneduplicateyourexperimentsuponreadingyourreport Thebrevityofyourreportrequiresthatyouattemptaconcisewritingstyle touchingonlyuponyourmostimportantobservationsandresults Nevertheless youmustalsopresentasmuchsupportingdetailasisnecessarytosupportyourconclusionsandallowthereadertounderstandthelogicbywhichyouobtainedthem Thinkofthereportasascientificessay Itwillhaveatitleandsectionscontaining 1 Introduction2 Procedure3 Results4 Discussion5 ConclusionAbriefdescriptionofwhatshouldbeincludedineachofthesesectionsisincludedbelow Title Thetitleshouldsummarize asspecificallyaspossible thesubjectofthelab Introduction Yourintroductoryparagraphsmustinclude 1 Purpose Asingle concisestatementofthemajorobjectiveofthelab i e whatarethequestionsyouaretyingtoanswer 2 Background Abriefsummaryofthetopicbeinginvestigated includinganyinformationwhichmaybenecessaryinordertounderstandyourstatedpurposeofthelab 3 Statethemajorresults findingsofthelabexercises Procedure Includetheinformationnecessarytoallowsomeonetorepeatwhatyoudid 1 Whatdatadidyouuse 2 Includegeographiclocations definitionsofkeyterms andanythingelsenecessaryinordertounderstandexactlywhatyoudid ObservationsandResults 1 Whatdidyouobserveineachpart Includeallobservationsmadeatthesuggestionofthelabexercises Alwaysincludetheunitsofphysicalquantitiesandlabelaxesofplots 2 Describeanyrelationshipsthatyouobservedbetweenvariables 3 Whereappropriateincludefigures graphsandcalculations Discussion Thisisthemostimportantpartofthelab asitiswhereyouinterpretyourobservationsandresults 1 Giveexplanationsforandimplicationsofanyrelationshipsobserved Weretherelationshipsasyouexpectedfromunderlyingphysicalprinciples 2 Whatarethemainsourcesofuncertaintyininterpretingyourobservations 3 Addressanyinterestingquestionsyoumayhavehadasyouwereworkingthroughthelabexercises aswellanygeneralquestionsincludedinthelabexercises 4 Canyoumakeanygeneralizations Whyorwhynot Conclusion Summarizeyourresults themainpointsofyourdiscussion andhowtheyrelatetoyourstatedpurposeofthelab Itisagoodideatoincludehowthemainpointsofyourdiscussionareconnected inordertodemonstratetheoverallsignificanceofyourfindingsandtheconceptsyoulearned AFTERWRITINGYOURESSAYMakesureyourwritingisclear Ifyoureaditaloudtoyourselforafriend doesitmakesense Don tforgettousethespell checkerinyourwordprocessor Checktobesureyouaddressedallthequestionsincludedinthelabexercises 6 2Words Expressionsrequisiten 必需品 要素 要件misplacevt 忘记把 放在什么地方 把 放错位置pertinentadj 有关的 相干的 恰当的 中肯的 关于 的 切题的extraneousadj 外部的 外来的 无关的 不相干的figuren 数字 算术 图解 轮廓tablen 表格NASAabbr NationalAeronauticsandSpaceAdministration美国国家航空和宇宙航行局 6 3ReadingMaterialHowtoWriteAResearchReportReportPreparationResearchinformationhaslimitedvalueunlessitiscollectedandpublishedinausableformandpresentedtothosewhomayapplyit Forthesereasonsneverassumethatyourjobisfinishedwhentheexperimentaloranalyticalphasehasbeencompleted Itisalsoyourresponsibilityasanengineerorscientisttoshowpromptlythatyourresultsareworthwhileandthatyouhavereasontobelievethefieldwillbeadvancedbyyourefforts Theonlywaytoconveythesethoughtsisbywritingagoodreport Thefivemajorstagesofreportpreparationare1 Gatheringthedata ordevelopingthetheory 2 Analyzingandsortingtheresults3 Outliningthereport4 Writingtheroughdraft5 Revisingtheroughdraft GatheringtheDataReportpreparationbeginswithplanningtheresearchprogram Anorderlyinvestigationisarequisiteforanorderlyreport Reportplanningandprogramplanningshouldbeconsideredoneandthesame Tobecomeasuccessfultechnicalwriter youshoulddeveloptheabilitytoforeseethegeneralcontentofthereportbeforetheprogrambegins Inmostcasesyoushouldbeabletoprepareapreliminaryreportoutlineatthebeginningoftheprogram Outliningshouldbenefitboththereportandtheprogram forobviouslyawell preparedoutlinerequiresacarefullyplannedprogram Duringthecourseoftheprogramkeepthefuturereportinmind Maintainorderlyrecordsasthedataaregathered Thelittleextratimerequiredtorecordtheresultscarefullycanbeofgreatvaluelater Reportwritingisdifficultenoughwithouthavingtorecollectmisplacedorunrecordeddata Writeoutyouropinionsassoonasthedataareobtained Comparingtheseopinionswiththosebasedonhindsightwilloftenhelpyoutointerpretthedataproperly Duringthedata gatheringstageconsiderhowthedatashouldbepresentedinthereportandrecordtheresultsinthismanner Anyneedforadditionaldatawillthusberevealedbeforetheprogramiscompleted AnalyzingandSortingtheResultsThesecondstageofreportpreparation dataanalysisandsorting isprobablythemostdifficultbecauseitrequiresconsiderablementalefforttodecidewhatyouwanttotellyourreaders Thebeginningofthisstageoverlapsthedata gatheringstage fordataanalysisshouldbeginasthedataarecollected Butthebulkofdataanalysismustbedonenearcompletionoftheprogram Atthistimereexaminethepertinentdataandreviewyourearlieropinionswithrespecttosubsequentresults Duringthisdatareviewtheprogramconclusionsshouldbedrawn Thisisthemostimportantstepinreportpreparationbecausetheconclusionsarethereasonforthereportandthebasisforreportpreparation Theydictatewhattoincludeinareportandhowtoorganizeit Tryingtoorganizeandwriteareportwithoutknowingtheconclusionsislikestartinganautomobiletripwithoutknowingthedestination Youwillnotknowwhereyouaregoing andyouwillneverknowwhenyougetfarenoughtostop Thereforechooseyourreportdestinationearlybydrawingandclearlydefiningtheprogramconclusionsbeforeyoubegintoorganizeandwritethereport Thisisbestdonebyfirstwritingdownallsignificantresultsinnoparticularorderandthensortingthemsothattheresultspertainingtoacommonfactoraregroupedtogether Oncetheconclusionsaredrawn listthemindescendingorderofimportance Selectionofthedatatobeusedinthereportisanotherimportantpartofthisstep Chooseonlythedatanecessarytohelpyourreadersreachtheconclusionsyouaredrawing Excessivedataordataonlylooselyrelatedtotheconclusionswillobscurethemandconfuseyourreaders Ofcourse donothidecontradictoryresults Whendefinitecontradictionsexist clearlyalertyourreaderstothisfact Thenextstepindataanalysisinvolvesorganizingtheselecteddataintoillustrationsforthereport Sometimesthefiguresandtablespreparedduringtheprogramcanbeusedwithonlyminormodifications Butusuallythesedata bookillustrationscontainextraneousinformation Andtheyseldomarearrangedtoemphasizethesignificanceofthedataandthecorrespondingresults Forexample althoughdatatabulatedduringaprogramarecommonlyarrangedchronologically thatisnotnecessarilythebestwaytopresentthedatatothereader Newfiguresandtablesusuallymustbeprepared Theirorganizationshouldbecarefullyconsideredbecauseillustrationsareoneofthebestmeansofemphasizingandsupportingconclusions Aftertheillustrationshavebeenprepared writethesignificantpointsabouteachonanattachedsheetofpaper Whatisthefigure table supposedtoshow Howwerethedataobtained Arethereanyqualificationstothefigure table Thisinformationwillbeusefulwhenyoubeginwritingthereport Beforebeginningtooutlineyourreportyoumayfindoneadditionalstepuseful writingalimitingsentence Thisisasinglesentencethatstatesthesubject scope andpurposeofthereport Itisanadditionaltooltohelpdefinethereport sdirectionandlimititsscope Asanexample thefollowinglimitingsentencecouldbewrittenforthisguide 1 SUBJECTTheGlennResearchCenterguide TechnicalReportWriting 2 SCOPECoveringthefundamentalsoforganizing writing andreviewingNASAtechnicalreports 3 PURPOSEWaswrittentoimprovethewritingskillsofGlenntechnicalauthorsandtheoverallqualityoftheirreports Preparingalimitingsentenceisnotsimple Ittakesadditionaltimeandeffort Butitisaworthwhileexercisebecauseitforcesyoutofocusyourattentiononexactlywhatyouexpectthereporttodo OutliningtheReportOutliningisanecessarypreliminarysteptoreportwriting Itinvolvestheplanningneededtoprepareaclearreportthatislogicallyorganized concise andeasytoread Withoutanoutlinemostinexperiencedauthorswritereportsthatareconfusinganddifficulttofollow Theoutliningstageisanaturalprogressionfromtheanalysisandsortingstage Inthesortingstageconcentrationisonwhatresultsshouldbepresentedinareport Intheoutliningstageattentionisdirectedtohowtheseresultsshouldbepresented Oftenthepreliminaryoutlinepreparedatthebeginningoftheprogramcanbeusedasastartingpointforthereportoutline Butitshouldberevisedandexpandedtoemphasizetheconclusionsdrawnintheanalysisandsortingstage Therevisedoutlineshouldcontaindescriptiveheadingsofeachsignificantpartofthereport Thisexpandedoutlineshouldshowthecompletescopeofthereport therelationofthevariouspartsoftheworkdiscussed theamountofspacetobegiveneachpart theorderoftreatment theplacesforinclusionofillustrations andtheconclusions Remember themoredetailedtheoutlineis themoreusefulitwillbetoyou Eachheading subheading subsubheading etc shouldhaveasmuchdetailasyouwillneedtotriggeryourthoughtswhenyoulaterwritethecorrespondingsentencesandparagraphs NASAreportstypicallycontainanumberofcommonlyusedheadings 1 Summary2 Introduction3 Symbols4 Theory5 Analysis6 Apparatus7 TestSpecimens8 TestProcedure 9 SampleCalculation10 ResultsandDiscussion11 SummaryofResults12 Conclusions13 ConcludingRemarks14 Appendix15 ReferencesAlltheseheadingsneednotbeusedinanysinglereport Andheadingsmaybecombined Forexample Apparatus TestSpecimens andTestProcedurecanbecombinedintoExperimentalMethods Thesecommonlyusedheadingsmaybereplacedwithmoredescriptiveheadings particularlyinprogramsummaryreports wheredetailsmaybesubordinatedtobroadobjectivesandgeneralizations Inthesereportsthemoredescriptiveheadingsprovideameansofreadyreferenceandaidclarity Descriptiveheadingsusuallymakeareportmoreinterestingtoread Butyoumustexerciseoriginalitytomakethembriefbutclear Thefinaloutlineshouldshowtheexactform wording andvalueoftheheadingstobeusedinthereport Theheadings althoughbrief mustserveasareliableguidetotheincludedmaterial Theyshouldbeconsistentingrammaticalstructureandshouldnotcontainverbs Headingsarenotanintegralpartofthetextbutareprovidedtoassistthereaderinfindinginformation Thereforetheparagraphbelowaheadingshouldbeginwithatopicsentencethatdoesnotdependontheheadingforclarity Thewholetextofthereportshouldbeaccountedforundertheheadingsshowninyouroutline exceptforshortintroductoryortransitionparagraphsincludedtomakethepresentationflowsmoothly Becauseasubjectcannotbesubdividedintolessthantwoparts anoutlineshouldhaveatleasttwosubheadingsunderamainheading ornone Exceptionstothisruleincludeanoccasionalshortremarkorasingleexampleputintoillustrateamethod Inadditiontoheadingstheoutlinemayalsocontaindescriptivewordsandkeyphrasestoserveasreminders Severalmethodscanbeusedtoarrangethesubjectmatterthatwillberepresentedinanoutline Oneofthebestwaystostartistowritedownallthepointsthatyouwanttoincludewithoutregardtotheirorder Youcanthenmoreeasilyarrangetheminalogicalorder Someauthorsuseanindexcardsysteminwhicheachseparateitemoftheproposedreportistabulatedtogetherwithaparagraphdescribingthematerialthatmustbetreatedunderthatitem Otherauthorsfollowasimilarmethodbutusefullsheetsofpaperforeachsubjectandgiveamuchfullerdescriptionofthematerialunderthesubjectheadings Thelattermethodputsyouinagoodpositiontocompletethereportinashorttime Eachsubjecthasbeensofullyexpandedthattheproblemremainingisoneofcombiningandrewritingtheinformationcontainedontheseparatesheetsofpaper Otherschoosetodotheiroutliningonacomputer Anyofthesemethodspermityoutonotethoughtsthatoccurduringthecourseofwritingonereportsectionbutthatshouldbetreatedinothersections Cultivatethehabitofgoingtotheoriginaloutlinetorecordthoughtsforlaterconsideration Anotherusefulpurposeoftheoutlineistoindicatetherelativeimportanceofheadings Thisrelationcanbeshownbyusinganumberingsystem Thenumbersappearinthefinalreportonlywhenthereisextensivecross referencing Headingsofequalweight orimportance mustbewritteninthesameform TheorderandformofthevariousheadingsusedinNASAreportsare 1 MainHeading2 Subheading3 Run inheading Thisheadingisindentedonthesamelineasthefirstlineoftheparagraph 4 Belowrun inheading Thisheadingisindentedonthesamelineasthefirstlineoftheparagraph Threelevelsofheadingsshouldbesufficient Moremaydisruptyourreaders concentration Thetypefaceandplacementofheadingswillvarywiththetypeofpublication Thoroughoutliningwillmakebothwritingandreadingthereporteasier Studyyouroutlinecarefullytobecertainthateachitemblendsintoalogicalplanandorderedpresentation WritingtheRoughDraftWithalogicallyorganizedoutlineandthenecessaryillustrationsalreadyprepared writingtheroughdraftshouldbemucheasierthanyouthought Butdonotexpecttowritethefinalversioninthefirstattempt Theroughdraftshouldbethelastofseveralversions eachanimprovementoftheprecedingone Thisfinalversionisconsidereda rough draftbecauseitstillmustgothroughaseriesoftechnicalandeditorialreviews Butitshouldbeaspolishedasyoucanmakeit Fromyourpointofviewitshouldbereadyforprintinganddistributiontoacriticalaudience Trytostartwritingthefirstversionofthedraftimmediatelyaftercompletingtheoutlinewhiletheideasdevelopedtherearestillfreshinyourmind Writethisfirstversionasrapidlyaspossible Concentrateonwhatyouwanttosayratherthanhowtosayit Keepwritingdownthethoughtsastheyflowintoyourmind followingyouroutline Avoidgoingbackoverwhatyouhavewrittenuntilyouarethroughwriting Thenreviewthisversion butonlyforitstechnicalcontent Arealloftheideasyouwantedtoexpressincluded Haveyouincludedirrelevantideas Doesthereportorganizationstillseemlogical Sometimeswritingthefirstversionwillrevealsomeunexpectedproblemsthatrequireachangeintheoutline Inthesecondversionoftheroughdraft writingstylebecomesimportant Withthetechnicalcontentinawell organizedformfromthefirstversion thisisthetimetoconcentrateonhowyousayit Keepyourreadersinmind Remember yourpurposeinwritingthereportistotransmittheinformationneededtosupportyourconclusions Tomakesureyourreadersunderstandyourconclusions youmusttransmityourinformationclearly logically concisely honestly andtactfully RevisingtheRoughDraftThelaststageofreportpreparation rough draftrevision isjustasimportantasthepreviousstages butitistheonemostscornedbyinexperiencedwriters Revisingadraftiscomparabletopaintingahouse Theappearanceisimprovedwithoutinfluencingthestructure Butareport s appearance readability maydeterminewhetherornotitisread Beforeyoucanreviseyourroughdraft youmustrecognizethatitisnotperfect Approachitwithacriticalattitude Thiscanbestbedonebysettingthedraftasideforafewdays oratleastovernight Thistimelagshouldgiveyouafreshviewpointandallowyoutochangetotheroleofareader Thischangeinrolesismostimportantbecauseyoumusttrytoseewhatisactuallywrittenratherthanwhatyouthinkyouwrote Successfultechnicalwritersuseawidevarietyofmethodstoreviewandrevise Oneofthebestinvolvesthreeseparatereviewsofthereport 1 Thefirstreviewisofthematerialinthereport Inthischeckaskyourselfthesequestions Aretheconclusionsvalid Issufficientinformationgiventosupporttheconclusions Isenoughbackgroundinformationgiventoexplaintheresults Haveallirrelevantideasbeendeleted Aretheillustrationspertinentandnecessary 2 Thesecondreviewisofthemechanics