教案robinson Crusoe.doc

教案用纸 Robinson Crusoe (1719) （1）I. Introduction to the Rise of the Modern English Novel Daniel Defoe (adventure story)Henry Fielding（170754）:Tom Jones (1749)Jonathan Swift: Gullivers Travels (1726)Tobias Smollett (172171)Roderick Random (1748)(first English sea novel)Samuel Richardson (1689-1761): Pamela (1740)Lawrence Sterne (1713-68): Tristram Shandy(1759), A sentimental Journey(1768)(Oliver Goldsmith (1730-74): The Vicar of Wakefield Rise of the NovelAccording to the dead literary critic Ian Watt, the emergence of the novel as a genre was enabled by two factors.1. The reading public (which we have just talked about) and2. An individualist society Individualism Def: the conception that all values, rights, and duties originate in individuals (as opposed to groups or institutions such as the state, church or society) Consider how the advent individualism might have changed British society. Causes of Individualist SocietyIan Wattstill deadattributes two causes to individualist society1. Rise of modern industrial capitalism2. Spread of Protestantism Rise of Modern Industrial Capitalism Specializationbrings about more choice for individuals Instead of making candles, you can now choose to make the wick or the wax i.e. there are more jobs but not necessarily more exciting jobs This is a possible reason that there was an appetite for adventure stories like Robinson Crusoe Rise of Modern Industrial Capitalism, contdThe pursuit of wealth weakens social ties. Can you give some examples of how this is exemplified in Robinson Crusoe? Rise of Modern Industrial Capitalism, contd: HOMO ECONOMICUSRobinson Crusoe is often referred to as an exemplar of homo economicus, the economic man.Pascal: “All the unhappiness of man arises from one single fact, that they cannot stay quietly in their own room.”What do you think about this statement? How do you think Crusoe would feel about this statement? Rise of Modern Industrial Capitalism, contdIndividual mobility is increasing figuratively (class mobility) and literally. Exploring, trade and colonization are creating wealth and helping to drive the engine of a new capitalist economy. The adventure story is a metaphor for a new individualist life which itself is more adventurous. Or, the ability to read fiction is merely another choice. The printing press offers “substitute experience.” Spread of ProtestantismProtestantism “emphasizes the idea that untiring stewardship of the material gifts of God was a paramount religious and ethical obligation.” WattTherefore, being successful in business has been viewed much more positively in the Protestant tradition than in Catholicism where holiness is found in a monkish separation from the material world. Homo Oeconomicus Merchantilism Colonization Pursue for money Nature seen as an instrument to exploit Individualism Self-made man Typical of middle class Man is in the centre of all and thanks to his capacities can overtake difficulties and troubles Slavery/Superiority of white men Realism Book keeping Typical of the mercantile class Robinson uses a diary Dates and Places details We know the names of geographical places Puritan Aspects Predestination Importance of work in all-day life Sin redemption With hard work man can be purificatedII. Defoes Life and literary Career Defoe, Daniel (1660?-1731), English novelist and journalist, whose work reflects his diverse experiences in many countries and in many walks of life. Besides being a brilliant journalist, novelist, and social thinker, Defoe was a prolific author, producing more than 500 books, pamphlets, and tracts. l Born in London as a son of a butcher l He became a hosier after schooling and traveled a lot in the Continent. l Being a merchant, he experienced ups and downs in his business.l The pamphlet Hymn to the Pillory made him a hero in 1703 and marked a turning point in his literary career. l He started The Review, a political and literary magazine in prison. l As his release, he worked as a journalist and pamphleteer. l Valuable experience to cultivate his abilities: 1) loved short, crisp, plain sentences; 2) Capacity for observing, grouping and memorizing details3) Skills in use of circumstantial detail4) Faculty of creative imaginationl His place in British literature was made for him by his novel “Robinson Crusoe”l In 1719, he published his masterpiece Robinson Crusoe at the age of 59. l The novel is based on real life of a Scottish sailor. Defoe embellished the sailors story with many incidents of his own imagination. Daniel Defoe (16611731） One of the forerunners of the Englishrealistic novel. n Defoes first and most famous novel, The Life and Strange Surprising Adventures of Robinson Crusoe, of York, Mariner, appeared in 1719, when he was almost 60 years old. The book is commonly known as Robinson Crusoe. A fictional tale of a shipwrecked sailor, it was based on the adventures of a seaman, Alexander Selkirk, who had been marooned on one of the Juan Fernndez Islands off the coast of Chile. The novel, full of detail about Crusoes ingenious attempts to overcome the hardships of the island, has become one of the classics of childrens literature. Other works：Captain Singleton, Moll Flanders, Colonel Jacque and Roxana. They clearly manifest Defoes deep concern for the poor in his society. They are the first literary works devoted to the study of the problems of the lower-class people.l III. The characterization of Crusoel Defoe traces the development of Crusoe from a nave and artless youth into a clever and hardened man tempered by numerous trials in his eventful life. l Crusoe is a hero with undaunted will and power. l Crusoe represents a typical of the English bourgeoisie at the early stages of its development, practical, religious and mindful of his own profits. l Crusoe is condemned as an image of a colonist, for he supports Negro-slavery and teaches the first word “master” to Friday. l Robinson Crusoe, image of a colonist l He owns a plantation where colored slaves are exploited. l Crusoe assumes the role of a master. “master” is the first word Friday learns from Robinson. l Crusoe defines Fridays people as “blinded, ignored pagans, and remarks that by teaching his slave the gospel, he has become a “much better scholar in the scripture knowledge.”l His attempt to Christianity Fridayl Crusoe Saves Friday from the Cannibals Q: What is Crusoes motivation to save Friday from the cannibals? Q: Being cultivated by Crusoe, Friday lost his own national identity at the same time. Do you agree this statement? (master/slave; white/ non-white; Christianity/ barbarous eating group) the center of Europe (欧洲中心论)The heroan embodiment of the Spirit of individual enterprise and colonial expansionan empire-builder, colonizer, a foreign trader a man against nature and living through different stages of human civilization in a seemingly primitive environmentwhen Friday came, he became an exploiter, colonizern Defoe was a typical man of the eighteenth century English middle class, hardworking, ingenious, liberal in mind and advanced in opinion. He valued the Puritan ethic and belied in diligence and self-reliance. All his life, he was busy, speculative and active. He, like Robinson, is a man whose personal pride would never allow him to belie his own background and class. His works are reflections of the belief, strength, weakness, interest, and morals of the bourgeois middle class to which he belonged. n He was very sympathetic with those poor and less fortunate and did everything he could to reach them and help them. He was among the first writers ever to give concern to the problems of the social outcast. To depict him as a hero struggling against nature and human fate. Through the characterization of his hero, Defoe seemed to fill him with his indomitable will and hand and eulogize creative labor, physical or mental, an illusion to the glorification of the bourgeois creativity when it was a rising and more energetic class in the initial struggle of his historical development. At the early stage, an individual laborer, and then became a master, until at last a colonizer. From this character, Defoe really created an image of an enterprising Englishman of the 18th century. While creating this hero, Defoe just had him gone through various phases of human civilization, creating a visual picture that manifests how human history has developed from the primitive to the feudal and then to the capitalistic in the 18th century.Stress on his physical + rational effortsRational attitude, practical mind In this novel, Defoe created the image of a true empire-builder, a colonizer, and a foreign-trader who has the courage to face hardships, and who has the determination to preserve himself and improve on his livelihood by struggling against nature. Being a bourgeoisie writer, Defoe glorifies the hero and defends the policy of colonialism of British government . III. Close reading of the selected chapter l Why does Crusoe want to make a new dwelling? How about his original one? against savages and wild beast; to have a more healthy and more convenient spot of groundl What are the key considerations in making a new dwelling? 1) health, with fresh water 2) from the heat of the sun 3) from ravenous creatures 4) have a view to the seal How does Crusoe build his tent? Is it an easy job? 1) drew a half circle before the hollow place 2) pitched two rows of strong stakes 3) used cables to fasten the stakes 4) about the entrance 5) double tent with a smaller within “it cost me much labor and many days” l What has stimulated Crusoe to put aside his work to deal with his powder? How does Crusoe deal with his powder? “I was nothing near so anxious about my own danger, though had the powder took fire, I had never known who had hurt me.” to divide the powder in no less than 100 parcels to store them into his cave and holes of his tentl What else does Crusoe do when dealing with his powder? And what does he find? to roam around the island to divert myself, to find food and to acquaint with the island. Crusoe finds goats. vivid description of killing a she-goat and her kid. l How about his cave? Its function? serve as a kitchen l What do you find admirable in Robinson Crusoe from this excerpt? considerate, thoughtful; optimistic and strong-willed; his marvelous capacity for work his boundless energy and persistence in overcoming obstacles his hard struggling against natureIV. Definition of Colonialism : Colonialism is the extension of a nations sovereignty over territory beyond its borders by the establishment of either settler colonies or administrative dependencies in which indigenous populations are directly ruled or displaced. l Types of colonialism 1) settler colonialism 2) plantation colonies 3) trading postl Land occupation