科技论文英文写作规范.doc

科技论文英文写作规范I. Structural features of research paper：1)文的英文标题; 2)作者署名；3)摘要书写、4)关键词 5)正文；：introduction 6) 参考文献II. Language Features of a Research Paper1)An objective account of a research procedure, which is based on what was done and how was done, but not who did it.2)Long sentences and passive voice are frequently seen in the paper. It has been popular to think of disease as arising in disorders of cellular function since the time of Virchow(魏尔啸), and recently it has been appropriate to talk of molecular disease, but it seems wise now to recognize that this trend to “ atomism” in the study of disease may be less illuminating than fashionable.3) Technical terms are found time and again, cytomeglovirus, hypercholesterolemiaRadioimmunoassayIII. How to write your paper in EnglishTitle论文的英文标题 论文的英文标题应注意以下四点：1）不能按汉语的语序逐字对照翻译，应按英语的表达方式用名词短语表达，一般不用完整的句子。2）标题应力求简练，实词10个左右，省略没有实际意义的词，如：the study of研究, the investigation of调查, the observation of观察, the research of研究, the analysis of分析, the comparison of比较,等。如果标题过长，可以分出一部分作为副标题。3) 尽量避免用缩写词，因为医用英文缩写词太多，容易使读者费解。国外核心医学期刊中，对缩写词的使用非常谨慎，第一次出现必须先写全名，缩写附后加括号。国外医学期刊论文标题使用缩写的情况不占1%，而我国医学期刊中论文标题用缩写词的却达10%以上，这也是不能与国际接轨的一例。4）标题中常用的介词有 of（表示动宾关系，所属关系，或同位关系）, on（表示对的作用或影响）, in（在某范围或人群中）, with（患有某种疾病）, for（其目的或以便）等。英文标题与汉语标题对比举例：1）Essential fatty acids in full term infants fed breast milk or formula足月婴儿母乳喂养和配方喂养必须脂肪酸 对比研究2）Fatty acid composition of lipid classes in maternal and cord plasma at birth新生婴儿母体及脐血浆脂类脂肪酸成份 分析3）Motor vehicle occupant deaths among hispanic and black children and teenagers美国西班牙人与黑人青少年中骑摩托死亡率 分析4）Effect of prednisone on response to influenza virus vaccine in asthmatic children普地尼松对哮喘儿童流感病毒疫苗反应影响Middle ear effusion among children diagnosed and treated actively for acute otitis media 分析儿童中耳积液诊断为急性中耳炎并照此治疗的后果5）Familial lipoprotein lipase deficiency in infancy: Clinical, biochemical, and molecular study 婴儿期家族性脂蛋白脂酶缺乏症（临床生化和分子学研究）6）Cows milk protein allergy as a cause of anal fistula and fissures: A case report（一例）牛奶蛋白过敏引起的肛瘘肛裂（病例报告）7）Gastroesophageal reflux and cows milk allergy in infants: A prospective study婴儿胃食管回流与牛奶过敏（有关的前瞻性研究）8）Hepatitis B surface antigenemia at birth: A long-term follow-up study（长期随访研究）新生儿乙肝表面血清抗原9） Changes in sleep position during infancy: A prospective longitudinal assessment （前瞻性纵向评估）婴儿期卧势的变化10） Traumatic brain injury in high school athletes高中生运动员脑外伤研究11）Risk factors for infant homicide in the United States美国幼儿凶杀案危险因素调查12）Randomised controlled trial of aminophylline for severe acute asthma 氨苯碱治疗急重哮喘的随机对比实验 研究 13) Long-term effects of nurse home visitation on childrens criminal behavior: 15-year follow-up of a randomized controlled trial 护士家访对犯罪儿童行为的长期影响15年随访对比实验研究注1 英文斜体词提示了介词的应用，划线部分提示了并列连接的使用，大量名词词组的连接都是由介词和并列连接词的句法功能来完成。注： 汉语加括号部分是与英文不对等部分，英文中为副标题，而汉语不一定是副标题；暗影部分是英文中省略部分。Authors英文署名用汉语拼音署名已被国际上认可，为次不必把姓和名倒置，为了区别姓和名，现在惯用的方法是：姓在前，全部大写汉语拼音，名在后，只大写第一个字母。中国人复名较多，连节一起即可。如：WANG Fang（王方）; LIN Guoyou （林国友）， 也可以是 Lin Guoqiang（林国强）。署名三人为易，三人以上的作者省去，加 et al(等)。如：Leanne V. Jones, Rosalind L. Smyth; Janice P Richmond a,*, Marion E. Wright b (* corresponding author). Department of Surgery, the First Teaching Hospital, Xinxinag Medical College 453001, Weihui , china , the Affiliated Hospital作者单位作者单位在作者之后，按从小到大顺序排列，实词大写第一个字母，如：Department of Nephrology, Shanghai Childrens Hospital, Shanghai 200040, P.R.C 中国上海市儿童医院肾病科School of Nursing and Midwifery, University of Dundee, Ninewells Hospital, Dundee DD19SY, Scotland, UKBody of Abstract摘要正文写好英文摘要的正文有助于稿件的采用，目前美国儿科核心期刊文摘（Core Journals in Pediatrics）英文摘要有以上是结构式摘要，摘要的长度在至词左右。摘要正文的写作按照论文IMRAD( Introduction, Methods, Results and Discussion)的格式对重点进行加工整理，以引导词（Objective, Methods, Results and Conclusion）所提示的内容描述。而英国一些期刊的结构式摘要力求祥实，大都有七部分组成：Objectives; Design; Setting; Subjects; Main outcome measurements ; Results; Conclusion. 摘要的长度在400词左右。有的作者对写摘要不够重视，三言两语，不能体现文中的主要内容，这样不易采用。英文摘要的写作既有格式和内容的要求，又有科技英语语言特点的要求，举例说明如下：Abstract (Language features)1) Objectives 的语言特点是以动词不定式开头，言简意赅。 如：1)1)To identify 鉴别2)To describe complications of 描述3)To assess the effectiveness of 评价效度4) To determine whether/if 测定/推断 5)To examine the relation between 探讨之间的关系6)To evaluate the systemic availability and评价7)To investigate the efficacy and safety of / 探讨8) To establish a model 建立模型9)To measure the serum concentrations of / 测量血清浓度10) To undertake a prospective, single blind, randomized trial 进行前瞻性单盲随机实验11)To summarize the evidence on the efficacy of 12)To ascertain the outcome associated with/确定 13)To review the clinical features, treatment, and outcome of children 56 cases with anemia in children were reviewed from 2000 to 2003.Methods语言特点是用完整的句子叙述，谓语语动词用一般过去时,被动语态。该部分包括设计 如：experimental study; case control study; prospective, double-blind study; cross-over study of duration of six weeks;包括研究对象：subjects, patients, rats; 分组study group and control group；包括用药时间，检测方法 by radioimmunoassay等，如：临床检查术语Immunofluorescence method 免疫荧光法Immunoelectroabsorption 免疫电吸附法Immunoelectrophoresis 免疫电泳法 Immunoelectro microscopic method 免疫电镜法Radioimmunoassay 放射免疫测定法Radioallergeosorbent test 放射变应原吸附实验Radioactive isotope scanning 放射性核素扫描Radioisotope scanning 放射性同位素扫描Radionuclide angiography 放射性核素血管造影Radionuclide emission computed tomography 放射性核素计算机体层扫描Quantitative gel diffusion test 定量凝胶扩散实验Quantitative maculo-perimetry 定量黄斑视野检查法 Quantitative perimetry 定量视野检查法Quantitative precipitation test 定量沉淀实验Immunologic surveillance免疫监视Immunogold-silver staining 免疫金银染色法Results 部分的语言特点是用完整的句子叙述，谓语动词用一般过去时，提供研究数据对比。如：increased by 20%;dropped remarkably; remained the same; The findings were positively / negatively correlated with; Conclusion 部分胃语动词用现在时或将来时，完整的句子表明该研究的临床意义、前景、尚未解决的问题。For example: It can be concluded that/ The findings /the study suggest/indicate(s) that EX2. Unrecognized microscopic hyphema masquerading as a closed head injury（细微眼前房出血误诊为封闭性脑损伤）Coats D.K./ Paysse E.A./Kong J. Dr.D.K. Coats,Texas Childrens Hospital, 1102 Bates, Houston, TX 77030, United States- Pediatrics 1998, 102/3 I (652-654)Objective. To present a child with an unrecognized microscopic traumatic hyphema and acute glaucoma （青光眼）who was initially treated as a closed head injury patient. Method. Case report and discussion. Results. Symptoms attributable to unrecognized occult ocular injury（不易观察到的眼损伤） in a child with sickle cell trait（镰状细胞特性） resulted in evaluation and treatment of the child for a closed head injury. Evaluation included a computed tomography scan of the head and lumbar puncture. An ophthalmologic consultation later revealed a microscopic hyphema and acute glaucoma as the etiology （病因学）of the childs signs and symptoms. Conclusions. Children who present with neurologic symptoms and a history of ocular trauma should undergo an ophthalmologic examination as soon as possible. Hyphema, even if not readily visible on physical examination, can result in the development of acute glaucoma with signs and symptoms that resemble a closed head injury. Ex3. The effect of dietary lipid modification on blood pressure, cardiovascular reactivity and sympathetic activity in man-Straznicky N.E.,et al-Clinical pharmacology Therapeutics, Austin Hospital, Heidelberg, Vic.3084 AUS-J.HYPERTENS. 1993 11/4(427-437)饮食脂类的改变对血压、心血管反应性、及交感神经活性的作用 Abstract Objective : To examine the effect of dietary lipid modification on 24-h ambulatory blood pressure, cardiovascular reactivity and sympathetic activity in man. Design: Twenty-four normal volunteers consumed either a high-fat or low-fat diet for 2 weeks in an open, randomized, crossover study of duration of 6 weeks. Diets were isocaloric （同热量）and balanced for sodium and potassium content. Methods: Cardiovascular reactivity was assessed by measurement of blood pressure response to incremental infusions of angiotensin II（血管紧张肽） and noradrenaline, （去甲肾上腺素）, and to sympathetic reflex testing. Plasma noradrenaline spillover and clearance(渗出率和清除率) rates were estimated using 3H noradrenaline infusion. Results: Total plasma cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol levels both fell significantly on the low-fat diet compared with the high-fat diet, as did the heart rate and mean arterial pressure(recorded by 24-h ambulatory monitoring). These changes were accompanied by reduction in blood pressure responses to cold pressure testing and to noradrenaline infusion on the low-fat diet. Plasma noradrenaline spillover and clearance rates did not change. Post hoc（after this） analysis showed an association between oral contraceptive use and increased noradrenaline sensitivity on high-fat diet among the females treated. Conclusion: Dietary fat intake alters heart rate, blood pressure and cardiovascular reactivity to noradrenaline in man without changes in basal noradrenaline and metabolism.EX 3:Familial lipoprotein lipase deficiency in infants: Clinical, biochemical, and molecular study临床生化和分子学分析家族性婴儿脂蛋白酶缺乏 Objectives: To describe the characteristics of lipoprotein lipase (LPL)-deficient patients seen in infancy and to evaluate the safety and efficacy of severe fat restriction. Methods: Children 1 year old presenting with chylomicronemia(乳糜微粒缺乏 ) between 1972 and 1995 were identified, and their clinical courses were reviewed retrospectively（回顾性研究）. Results: LPL deficiency was demonstrated in 16 infants who presented with irritability (n=7), lower intestinal bleeding (n=2), pallor, anemia, or splenomegaly (n=5), and a family history or fortuitous（偶尔的） discovery (n=2). All plasma samples were lactescent （乳化）at presentation. Chylomicronemia responded rapidly to dietary fat restriction, and it was possible to maintain satisfactory metabolic control for a prolonged period of time. Only 1 adolescent girl had an episode of pancreatitis associated with the use of oral contraceptives. No persistent adverse effects on growth were seen. We obtained abnormal values for serum iron, alkaline碱， phosphatase, and total calcium. Conclusions: The presentation of LPL deficiency is heterogeneous（异质的） during infancy. Close dietary monitoring is required to avoid nutritional deficiencies. Estrogen therapy（雌激素疗法） should be avoided in LPL-deficiency patients.大量科技词汇来源于希腊语和拉丁语，或是保持原形，或是以词根合成。如：一、 保持希腊词原型英 希腊 汉arteria arteria 动脉 clonus klonus 抽搐colon kolon 结肠coma coma 昏睡hepar hepar 肝脏larynx larynx 喉neuron neuron 神经元 pleura pleura 肋膜psyche psyche 精神sclerosis sclerosis 硬化症ammesia ammesia 遗忘症二、 将希腊语拉丁化后再引进英语词汇英 拉丁 希腊bronchus bronchus bronchoscranium cranium cranion三、 保持拉丁词原形的词 英 拉丁bacterium bacteriumdatum datumhemoculture hemoculturehemocyte hemocytehemodilution hemodilutionhenodynamic hemodynamicacute acutefungus fungusalcohol alcohol aluuuminium aluminiumanaesthesia anaesthesiaapparatus apparatusdense densedefinite definite四、 用拉丁词根组成的词bio-bioanalysis生物分析bioassay生物鉴定，生物测定biolaser生物激光biocycle生物周期biomass生物量biokinetics生物运动学bioecology 生物生态学 To improve the following abstract written by the Chinese author:儿童1型糖尿病90例临床分析姜友志，朱岷，熊丰，邓蕾丽（重庆医科大学儿童医院，重庆 400014）摘要 目的分析儿童1型糖尿病的发病情况，临床特点，远期并发症，探讨酮症酸中毒(DKA)的治疗。方法回顾分析10年间儿童糖尿病资料。结果1016岁儿童发病率最高，感染是诱发DKA的常见原因，未长期坚持胰岛素治疗导致糖尿病 远期并发症的发生。结论小剂量胰岛素持续静滴，纠正水电解质紊乱，调节酸碱平衡是抢救DKA的关键；对患儿及家 长加强糖尿病及并发症的知识教育，坚持长期胰岛素治疗是防治远期并发症的关键。实用儿科临床杂志，2005，20(6)：-关键词儿童；1型糖尿病；酮症酸中毒Clinical analysis of 90 cases with childhood type 1 diabetes mellitusWT6BZJIANG You-zhi,ZHU Min,XIONG Feng,DENG Lei-li( Childrens Hospital Affiliated to Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing400014, China)Abstract： ObjectiveTo analyze the onset situation, clinical feature and long-term complication .To explore treatment of diabetes ketoacidosis (DKA).MethodsTo retrospectively analyze 90 cases with childhood type 1 diabetes mellitus in 1 0 years. ResultsIn 90 cases, there were high morbidity in 10-16 years. The nfection is common reason evoking DKA. Not injecting insulin long-term cause the occurrence of the complication. WT