厦门大学 汉译英.doc

英译汉教程练习参考答案Key to the Exercises (for reference only)Keys to the exercises for the first semester 1 They considered that such work is of particular relevance in helping developing countries, in particular governments and SMEs, to better understand and participate in processes under way in other intergovernmental organizations dealing with telecommunications and their trade applications, in particular the International Telecommunications Union and World Trade Organization.1) Analysis of the original:A) Grammatical analysis:The selection consists of a single sentence, consisting of a main clause and an object clause. Additionally, in the sentence, in particular governments and SMEs is embedded as a parenthesis. In the object clause, better understand and participate in processes could be understood as better understand the processes and better participate in them. Then the word processes is modified by both under way and in other intergovernmental organizations. It can be understood that the processes are dealing with or preferably, other intergovernmental organizations are dealing with . However, the International Telecommunications Union and World Trade Organization is in apposition to other intergovernmental organizations. B) Stylistic analysis:Stylistically speaking, the selection consists of a periodic sentence for the embedding of a parenthesis. In terms of structure, the sentence is rather formal and complicated in that it is grammatically complete and every grammatical unit is formally connected with every relevant others. The complication mainly lies in the gerundial phrase helping, which takes an object and an object complement, consisting of two coordinate verb phrases and the word processes is followed by two attributes, as revealed in the grammatical analysis. And the content in the prepositional phrase in particular is used to specify or exemplify the content in another prepositional phrase in other intergovernmental organizations. In the selection, parallel structures could be easily identified, for example, governments and SMEs; to better understand and participate; telecommunications and their trade applications; the International Telecommuni- cations Union and World Trade Organization; in other intergovernmental organizations dealing with telecommunications and their trade applications, and in particular the International Telecommunications Union and World Trade Organization. In terms of lexical cohesive device, examples could be found as follows: particular, organization, telecommunications, and others are repeatedly used; government is used as a partial repetition for intergovernmental, though of different categories. In the selection, formal words, including nominalizations, are frequently used, for example, consider, particular, relevance, developing, country, government, understand, participate, telecommunications, and many others.2) Staged translation:A) Translation 1:他们认为，这样的工作在帮助发展中国家，尤其在帮助政府和中小企业，关系甚为密切，以更好地理解并参与到正在进行的过程中去，参与到其他政府间的组织中去，应付通讯和电讯的贸易应用，尤其在国际电讯联盟和世界贸易组织中。Comments: The translation, produced by following the original strictly, has missed some important relations concerned with the fact that the International Telecommunications Union and World Trade Organization is among other intergovernmental organizations, which, including ITUWTO, or the processes are dealing with telecommunications and their trade applications, as revealed in the grammatical analysis. B) Translation 2:他们认为，这种工作对帮助发展中国家，尤其对帮助政府和中小企业，关系尤为密切，以便它们更好地理解并参与到其他政府间的组织正在着手进行的电讯及其在贸易中的应用的进程中去，特别要参与到国际电讯联盟和世贸组织中的活动中去。Comments:With the wordings reorganized, the present translation has caught the important relations as discussed above. However, 活动in the last line remains incongruous in the context.C) Translation 3:他们认为，此项工作对帮助发展中国家关系重大，尤其对政府和中下企业。其他政府间的组织，尤其是世界电讯联盟和世贸组织，正在研究电讯和电讯在贸易中的应用，让他们了解这些进程，参与到这些进程中去，尤为重要。Comments:The present translation is reorganized again, and to a large extent, irrespective of the original structures. Consequently, it sounds more logic, coherent, authentic and readable either locally or taking the text as a whole. This example shows that English textualization much depends on grammatical patterning while Chinese textualization much depends on logic sequencing.2 The meeting considered that the recommendations made by the United Nations International Symposium on Trade Efficiency in the sector of telecommunications remain a valid basis for the continuation of intergovernmental activities in the area of the telecommunications, business facilitation and trade efficiency. The experts underlined that UNCTAD should pursue its work in this area by complementing UNISTE recommendations through the consideration of a number of recent trends and events, which have been and will continue to be of critical importance for the competitiveness of enterprises, especially small and medium-sized enterprises, in the years to come.1) Analysis of the original:A) Grammatical analysis:The selection consists of two sentences, of which the first is a complex sentence, containing a main clause and an object clause, in subjunctive mood, and the second sentence is similarly a complex sentence, containing a main clause and an object clause, also in subjunctive mood, with an attributive clause embedded. Additionally, in the attributive clause embedded in the object clause of the second sentence, especially small and medium-sized enterprises is embedded as a parenthesis, grammatically in apposition to enterprises that goes before. In the object clause of the first sentence, the word recommendations is modified by the past participle phrase that follows.B) Stylistic analysis:Stylistically speaking, the two sentences in the selection are complex in structure and they are both structurally formal for their grammatical completeness and freedom from colloquial structures. In the selection, parallel structures are frequently used, for example, in the first sentence, telecommunications, business facilitation and trade efficiency are parallel, and in the second sentence, trends and events and small and medium are parallel. And the two sentences are structurally parallel. Cohesively, the above-mentioned parallel structures can be regarded as structural cohesive devices. Besides, lexical cohesive devices are also frequently used, for example, repetitions and synonyms could be found throughout the selection, specifically speaking, recommendations, United Nations International Symposium on Trade Efficiency, enterprises are repeated; consideration is used as a repetition for consider; consider is used as a near synonym for underline; and so on. In the selection, formal words, nominalizations and names of international organizations are popularly used such as consider, recommendation, international, symposium, intergovernmental; and UNCTAD, UNISTE, and many others. 2) Staged translation:A) Translation 1:会议认为，联合国贸易效率国际会议提出的建议，在电讯方面的，作为在电讯、促进企业和贸易效率方面继续政府间活动的基础仍然是有效的。专家们强调联合国贸易和发展会议应该用通过考虑最近的许多倾向和事件来执行联合国贸易效率国际会议的建议在此领域做好工作。这些倾向和事件对企业的竞争性一直具有、将来仍然具有十分重要的意义，在今后的几年中，对中小企业尤其如此。Comments:The translation tries to be authentic and readable by following the original structure rigidly, though with some readjustments made for the translation of the last part of the second sentence and of some end-positioned attributes scattered in the selection. This way of translation is problematic if the original sentence is too long and the structure is very complicated.B) Translation 2:会议认为，联合国贸易效率国际会议提出的关于电讯方面的建议，在电讯、促进企业发展和提高贸易效率方面，作为政府间继续开展活动的基础仍然是有效的。最近出现了许多新的趋势和事件，专家们强调联合国贸易和发展会议应该用通过考虑最近的许多新趋势和事件来执行联合国贸易效率国际会议的建议在此领域做好自身的工作。这些倾向和事件对企业的竞争性一直具有、将来仍然具有十分重要的意义，在今后的几年中，对中小企业尤其如此。Comments:In the present translation, some readjustments are made on the previous, but not sufficiently made, for the sentences in the translation are still a little bit too long and somewhat incoherent. For example, the translation consists three long sentences and the second clause in the second sentence consists of 61 Chinese characters. In other words, the second sentence could be retranslated like this: 最近出现了许多新的趋势和事件，专家们强调指出，联合国贸易和发展会议应该考虑这些趋势和事件，以便执行联合国贸易效率国际会议提出的各项建议，在此领域做好自身的工作.C) Translation 3:联合国贸易效率国际会议认为，会议提出的有关电讯方面的建议，在电讯、促进企业发展和提高贸易效率等领域，仍应作为继续开展政府间合作活动的基础。最近出现了许多新动向，发生了许多新事件。这些新动向和新事件，对提高企业的竞争力，尤其对中小企业，一直具有十分重要的意义，将来也是如此。专家们强调联合国贸易和发展会议应考虑这些新动向和新事件，以便执行联合国贸易效率国际会议提出的各项建议，在此领域做好自身的工作。Comments:In the present translation, necessary readjustments are made on the previous, by fronting some parts and pushing other parts further back. The greatest readjustment made in that the original contains two parallel sentences, each dealing an aspect of meaning. In the translation, however, three sentences are used, of which two are parallel and the two are cut off by a third sentence in between, not parallel to either of the two. In addition, the ideas in the intervening sentence could be found at the end of the original second sentence. In this way, authenticity, coherence and readability are greatly reinforced but the original ideas are not difficult to spot out in the translation, though not sequenced in the original way.3 Such trends and events include in particular:(a) The continuation of the liberalization and privatization processes pursued by a growing number of countries in the sector of telecommunications services and equipment; these processes have been reinforced by the recent WTO Agreements on Information Technology and on Basic Telecommunications Services.(b) The continuation of the trend towards lower prices for international telecommunications services;(c) The accelerated advent of new infrastructures such as low earth orbiting satellite systems;(d) The rapid expansion of the Internet, which will have far-reaching consequences on the ways in which individuals and enterprises access and provide information, in particular for the purpose of business transactions.1) Analysis of the original:A) Grammatical analysis:Grammatically speaking, the selection can be regarded as a simple sentence, which is not structurally very complicated, for the four noun phrases are used as the objects of the predicate verb include in the introductory clause. After the first noun phrase, there is a clause, in coordination with the introductory clause together with the first noun phrase; and the last noun phrase is followed by an attributive clause, which in turn has another attributive clause embedded. The other two noun phrases have no clause to follow.B) Stylistic analysis:Stylistically speaking, the structure of the selection is not structurally very complicated for the four noun phrases are parallel to each other but with variation in that, first, the two noun phrases in the middle have nothing at clausal level to follow, but the one at the beginning and the one at the end each have a clause to follow, though one of the followers is a coordinate clause and the other is an attributive clause, which has still another embedded. And consequently, the four items as listed vary in length. However, the selection is structurally formal for as a sentence, it is grammatically complete and free from colloquial structures. In the selection, parallel structures are frequently used, for example, in addition to what we have mentioned about the four parallel noun phrases, there are other such examples as liberalization and privatization; on Information Technology and on Basic Telecommunications Services; individuals and enterprises, and there are others. In terms of lexical cohesive device, examples could be found as follows: continuation, telecommunications, processes and information are repeated; trend is used to repeat trends; and (a), (b), (c) and (d) are used in series. In the selection, formal words, including nominalizations, are popularly used, for example, particular, continuation, liberalization, privatization, process, pursue, agreement, telecommunications, and many others, and of the formal words, some are examples of nominalization, for example, continuation, liberalization, privatization, information, telecommunication, transaction, and so on. 2) Staged translation:A) Translation 1:这些趋势和事件尤其包括：(a) 越来越多的国家追求的自由化和私有化进程的继续，在电讯服务和设备方面；这些进程由于最近世贸组织关于信息技术和基本电讯服务协议而已经得到了加强。(b) 国际电讯服务价格下降的趋势的继续；(c) 加速出现的新的基础设施如低地球轨道卫星系统；(d) 互联网的迅速扩张，它会对个体和企业接触和提供信息的方式产生深远意义，尤其对企业间的相互行动。Comments:The translation has produced, by following the original strictly, a somewhat readable text, however, all the sayings could be further altered by taking Chinese norms into consideration. For example, in the first item, the phrase在电讯服务和设备方面should be fronted; the meaning of 由于最近世贸组织关于信息技术和基本电讯服务协议could be explicitated; the third item could be altered into新的基础设施如低地球轨道卫星系统的迅速出现so that it will be parallel to the first two items, and similar improvements could be made in the similar manner on the last item.B) Translation 2:这些趋势和事件中尤其包括：(a) 在电讯服务和设备方面，越来越多的国家继续追求自由化和私有化进程；这些进程由于最近世贸组织通过了关于信息技术和基本电讯服务协议而得到了加强；(b) 国际电讯服务的价格继续下降；(c)新的基础设施如低地球轨道卫星系统加速出现；(d) 互联网迅速扩展，它会对个体和企业接触和提供信息的方式产生深远意义，尤其对企业间的互动。Comments:Compared with the previous translation, improvements have been made in the present translation in the following points: first, the four items are of verb phrases and parallel to each other; second, 关于信息技术和基本电讯服务协议is positioned in ; third, the translation of the last item is readjusted to some extent, and so on.C) Translation 3:这些趋势和事件很多，下列各端尤为重要：(a) 在电讯服务和设备方面，越来越多的国家继续追求自由化和私有化进程，这些进程由于最近世贸组织通过了关于信息技术和基本电讯服务协议而得到了加强；(b) 国际电讯服务的价格持续下降；(c)新的基础设施如低地球轨道卫星系统加速出现；(d) 互联网迅速发展，对个体和企业获取信息、提供信息具有深远意义，对企业间的往来尤为重要。Comments: Actually, translating such a paragraph is an easy job. However, we have deliberately left some points to be desired in the previous translations, revealing to students that translating, in some cases, if not all, is a step by step process and improvements can be repeatedly made. In the present translation, two points are altered: first, the introductory phrase before the first item is retranslated; and second, the translation of the last item is further improved on.4 Since dialogue is an interaction process, not an event, it must be structured, relevant, transparent, and representative, and it should have an effective influence on both policy formulation and implementation; effective dialogue must occur at all appropriate levels, regional, local and sectional, etc.1) Analysis of the original:A) Grammatical analysis:The selection consists of only a single complex sentence, containing an adverbial clause of reason and a main clause, which in turn consists of two coordinate clauses, it must be structured, and effective dialogue must occur at; and of the two, the first clause in turn contains two coordinate clauses, it must be and it should have . Additionally, the sentence begins with an adverbial clause of reason.B) Stylistic analysis:Stylistically, the selection is characterized by the following features. First, it consists of a single periodic sentence, beginning with an adverbial clause; second, it assumes a coordinate and a parallel structure, with coordination within coordination, indicating that the sentence is structurally complicated. In addition, the sentence is grammatically complete and free from any colloquial structure. Besides structural parallelism realized in coordination, parallelism is also realized at phrasal and lexical levels, for example, an interaction process, not an event; structured, relevant, transparent, and representative; policy formulation and implementation; regional, local and sectional, and so on. In addition, formal words, including nominalizations, are prevailing throughout the selection, for example, dialogue, interaction, structure, relevant, representative, formulation, implementation, transparent, appropriate, regional, sectional and others. 2) Staged translation:A) Translation 1:由于对话是一种互动过程，不是事件，它必须是有结构的、相关的、透明的、有代表性的，它应该对政策的形成和执行有有益的影响；有效的对话必须发生在所有的合适层次上，地区的，地方的，局部的，等等。Comments:The translation is produced by following the original strictly, although in the selection of words and phrases, attention has been paid to contextual factors. Consequently, punctuations are almost imitations, and so is the structure of the translation, especially on the whole.B) Translation 2:对话是互动过程，不是事件，必须具有结构性、相关性、透明性、代表性，应该对形成和执行政策产生有效影响；有效的对话肯定会发生在所有的合适层次上，地区的，地方的，局部的，等等。Comments:In the process of preparing the present translation, 由于, 一种, 它and so on are deleted; 具有结构性、相关性、透明性、代表性 and应该对形成和执行政策产生有效影响are substituted for the previous counterparts, together with other necessary readjustments made. Consequently, the translation has become more readable, authentic, and coherent as well.C) Translation 3:对话是互动不是事件，必须具有结构性、相关性、透明性、代表性，应该对形成和执行政策产生有效影响。在所有的合适层面上，包括地区、地方、局部等，都必须进行有效对话。Comments:In the present translation, 对话是互动不是事件is substituted for the previous; regional, local and sectional, etc. is transpositioned with relevant parts readjusted. Consequently, it sounds more like a Chinese work than an English one.5 Based on the assessment of lessons learned from past experience, the experts recommended that, in the interest of achieving stability and coherence in macro and micro policies for SME promotion, Governments should identify their appropriate role and activities to better support SMEs; they should adopt the principle of subsidiary, that is to identify who can do what best and at what level; in this context it might be necessary to develop the necessary legislation for non-state service providers. Governments should understand needs assessment and develop tools to evaluate impacts of policies and program, including support mechanisms.1) Analysis of the original:A) Grammatical analysis:The selection consists of two sentences, of which the first is a complex sentence, composed of a main clause and an object clau