四川大学普通生物学考研名词解释.docx

普通生物学（林宏辉版）名词解释1. Chromatin染色质2. ribozyme核酶3. -helix-螺旋4. -sheet-折叠5. subunit亚基6. prokaryotic cell原核细胞7. eukaryotic cell真核细胞8. plasmid质粒9. plasma membrane 细胞质膜10. passive transport被动运输11. active transport主动运输12. simple diffusion简单扩散13. plasmolysis质壁分离14. facilitated diffusion易化扩散15. co-transport协同运输16. endocytosis胞吞作用17. exocytosis胞吐作用18. plasmodesma胞间连丝19. smooth/rough ER光面/糙面内质网20. lysosome溶酶体21. photosynthesis光合作用22. mitochondrion线粒体23. cellular respiration细胞呼吸24. ribosome核糖体25. cytoskeleton细胞骨架26. histone组蛋白27. cell junction细胞连接28. amitosis/mitosis无丝/有丝分裂29. meiosis减数分裂30. cell cycle细胞周期31. check point检验点32. cell differentiation细胞分化33. totipotency细胞全能性34. totipotent cell全能性细胞35. stem cell干细胞36. oncogene癌基因37. Hayflick limitation Hayflick界限38. telomere端粒39. apoptosis细胞凋亡40. necrosis细胞坏死41. contractile ring收缩环42. homologous chromosome同源染色体43. synapsis联会44. MPF成熟促进因子45. Cyclin细胞周期蛋白46. Tumor suppressor gene肿瘤抑制基因47. Segregation分离48. Dominant/recessive character显性/隐形性状49. Recombination重组50. Allele等位基因51. Incomplete dominance不完全显性52. Codominance共显性53. Mosaic dominance嵌镶显性54. Epistatic effect上位作用55. Linkage map基因连锁图56. Dosage compensation effect计量补偿效应57. regulatory gene调节基因58. Promotor启动子59. Operator操纵基因60. Split gene断裂基因61. exon外显子62. intron内含子63. enhancer增强子64. terminator终止子65. insutator绝缘子66. overlapping gene重叠基因67. central dogma中心法则68. reverse transcription反转录69. semiconservative replication半保留复制70. DNA polymerase DNA聚合酶71. transcription转录72. template strand模板链73. coding strand编码链74. degeneracy简并性75. wobble hypothesis摆动假说76. operon操纵子77. repressor阻遏蛋白78. anttenuation弱化作用79. antisence RNA反义RNA80. RNA interference RNA干扰81. site-specific recombination位点专一性重组82. intergrative recombination整合式重组83. transposon转座子84. genomics基因组学85. proteomics蛋白质组学86. mutation突变87. terminal deficiency顶端缺失88. interstitial deficiency中间缺失89. duplication重复90. inversion倒位91. translocation易位92. spontaneous mutation自发突变93. induced mutation诱发突变94. base-pair substitution碱基替换95. frameshift mutation移码突变96. deletion mutation缺失突变97. missense mutation错意突变98. nonsense mutation无义突变99. neutral mutation中性突变100. silent mutation沉默突变101. spontaneous lesion自发损伤102. dynamic mutation动态突变103. site specific mutagenesis of gene基因定点突变104. excision repair剪切修复105. recombination repair重组修复106. transcription-coupled repair转录偶联修复107. tranlesion synthesis移损合成108. marker chromosome标志染色体109. retrotransposition逆转座110. gene engineering基因工程111. restriction endonuclease限制性内切酶112. palindrome回文序列113. ligase连接酶114. vector分子克隆载体115. plasmid质粒116. genetic transformation遗传转化117. transfection转染118. competent cell感受态细胞119. transgenic crop转基因作物120. epigenetics表观遗传学121. bioreactor生物反应器122. capsid衣壳123. viroid类病毒124. virino朊病毒125. nucleoid拟核126. lichen地衣127. body cavity体腔128. coelom真体腔129. metamerism分节现象130. metamorphosis变态发育131. vessel导管132. sieve tube筛管133. pollination传粉134. double fertilization双受精135. seed germination种子萌发136. auxin生长素137. neuron神经元138. homeostasis稳态139. sarcomere肌小节140. sinoatrial node （SA结）窦房结141. cardiac cycle心动周期142. immunity免疫143. immune response免疫反应144. inflammatory response炎症反应145. antigen抗原146. antibody抗体147. immunization免疫接种148. active immunization主动免疫149. vaccine疫苗150. vital capacity肺活量151. digestion消化152. absorption吸收153. shivering寒战154. schwann cell施旺细胞155. ranvier node郎飞氏结156. resting potential静息电位157. depolarization去极化158. repolarization复极化159. neurotransmitter神经递质160. tolerance耐受性161. law of tolerance耐性定律162. population种群163. random distribution随机分布164. biodiversity hot spot生物多样性热点165. age-specific death rate特定年龄死亡率166. cohort life table动态生命表167. static life table静态生命表168. survivorship curve存活曲线169. intraspecific competition种内竞争170. self-thinning自疏171. natal dispersal出生扩散172. discrete generation离散世代173. intrinsic growth rate内禀增长率174. logistic growth逻辑斯谛增长175. ecological strategy生态对策176. pulse-matching strategy脉冲匹配对策177. matepopulation mate种群178. community群落179. constructive species建群种180. rank-abundance curve秩-多度曲线181. exploitation competition利用性竞争182. interference competition干扰性竞争183. competitive exclusion principle竞争排次原理184. niche生态位185. fundamental niche基础生态位186. realized niche现实生态位187. coevolution协同进化188. parasitism寄生189. keystone species冠石种190. mutualism共生191. intermediate distribution hypothesis中度干扰假说192. succession演化193. ecological succession生态演替194. climax community顶级群落195. contingency生物-环境依耐性196. primary production初级生产197. food chain食物链陈增阅版名词解释198. biosphere 生物圈199. irritability 应激性200. kingdom 界201. phylum 门202. class 纲203. order 目204. family 科205. genus 属206. species 种207. macromolecule 生物大分子208. polymer 多聚体209. denaturation 蛋白质的变性210. primary succession 初级演替211. cytoplasm 细胞质212. biomembrane 生物膜213. nuclear envelope 核膜214. nuclear lamina 核纤层215. euchoromatin 常染色质216. heterochromatin 异染色质217. 218.chromosome 染色体 218. nuclear organizer 核仁组织者219. plastid 质体220. cell junctions 细胞连结221. desmosome桥粒222. tight junction 紧密连结223. gap junction 间隙连结224. ecosystem 生态系统225. competition inhibit 竞争性抑制226. homozygote 纯合子227. metabolism 代谢228. potential energy 势能229. thermodynamics 热力学230. entropy 熵231. free energy 自由能232. activation energy 活化能233. active site 活性部位234. phagocytosis吞噬作用235. pinocytosis 胞饮作用236. pigment 色素237. respiratory chain 电子传递链238. oxidative phosphorylation氧化磷酸化239. chemiosmotic coupling hypothesis 化学渗透假说240. light reaction 光反应241. Hill reaction 希尔反应242. photosynthetic membrane 光合膜243. light harvesting pigment 捕光色素244. reaction center pigment 反应中心色素分子245. fluorescence & phosphorescence 荧光与磷光246. photosystem 光系统247. primary electron donor 原始电子供体248. primary electron acceptor 初始原子供体249. photosynthetic electron transfer chain 光合电子传递链250. photosynthetic phosphorylation 光合磷酸化251. uncoupler 解偶联剂252. carbon reaction 碳反应253. CAM pathway 景天科酸代谢途径254. photorespiration 光呼吸255. photosynthetic rate 光合速率256. light saturation point 光饱和点257. CO2 saturation point 二氧化碳饱和点258. vacuole 液泡 259. photoperiod 光周期260. monoclonal antibody 单克隆抗体261. chromatid 染色单体262. centromere 着丝粒263. kinetochore 动粒264. equatorial plane 赤道面265. primary constriction 主缢痕266. sex chromosome 性染色体267. autosome 常染色体268. synaptonemal complex 联会复合体269. replicative senescence 复制性细胞衰老 270. tissue 组织271. organ 器官272. system 系统273. autotrophic nutrition 自养274. heteotrophic nutrition 异养275. digest 消化276. absorption 吸收277. body fluid 体液278. intracelluar digestion 胞内消化279. extracelluar digestion 胞外消化280. intracelluar fluid 细胞内液281. extracelluar fluid 细胞外液282. cardiac cycle 心动周期283. hypertension 高血压284. atherosclerosis 粥样动脉硬化285. respiration 呼吸286. poikiothermic animal 变温动物287. homeothermic animal 恒温动物288. heterothermic animal 异温动物289. immunity 免疫290. humoral immunity 体液免疫291. cellular immunity 细胞免疫292. complement system 补体系统293. interferon 干扰素294. antigen 抗原295. antibody 抗体296. hormone 激素297. endocrine 内分泌298. synapse 突触299. reflex 反射300. reflex arc 反射弧301. receptors 感受器302. adquate stimulus 适宜刺激303. effectors 效应器304. sexual reproduction 有性生殖305. asexual reproduction 无性生殖306. fertilization 受精307. parturition 分娩308. sterilization 绝育309. abortion 人工流产310. meristem 分生组织311. primary growth 初生组织312. cambium 形成层313. vascular tissue 维管组织314. casparian strip 凯氏带315. annual ring 年轮316. carpel 心皮317. pollination 传粉318. double fertilization 双受精319. transpiration 蒸腾作用320. essential element 必需元素321. hydroponics 水培法322. phototropism 向光性323. phytochrome ,PHY 光敏色素324. photoperiod 光周期325. character 性状326. relative character 相对性状327. dominant character & recessive character 显性性状与隐性性状328. dominant gene 显性基因329. recessive gene 隐性基因330. segregation 性状分离331. allele 等位基因332. phenotype 表型333. genotype 基因型334. law of segregation 基因分离定律335. test cross 测交336. sex-linked inheritance 伴性遗传337. linkage 连锁338. gene 基因339. transcription 转录340. codon 密码子341. translation 翻译、342. central dogma 中心法则343. chromosome aberration 染色体畸变344. monosomy 单体性345. trisomy 三体性346. mutation 基因突变347. gene expresstion 基因表达348. gene regulation 基因调控349. interrupted gene 断裂基因350. genetic engineering 基因工程351. ploymerase chain reaction ，PCR 聚合酶链式反应352. restriction endonuclease 限制性内切核酸酶353. DNA ligase DNA连接酶354. reverse transcriptase 反转录酶355. vector 载体356. plasmid 质粒357. gene library 基因文库358. gene therapy 基因治疗359. genomics 基因组学360. structural genomics 结构基因组学361. functional genomics 功能基因组学362. monogenic disorder 单基因病363. polygenic disease 多基因遗传病364. parapatric speciation 领地种形成365. sympatric speciation 异地种形成366. modern synthesis 现代综合论367. neutral theory中性理论368. punctuated equilibria 点断平衡论369. macroevolution 大进化370. microevolution 小进化371. normal extinction 常规绝灭372. mass extinctio