第四讲-HOw-to-write-an-abstract.ppt

AbstractWritingByQinChaoxian AbstractWritingAbstracttranslating Componentsofathesis TitleAuthor snameandtheaffiliationAbstractandKeywordsContentstableText BodyAcknowledgementsReferencesorbibliography workscited ComponentsofathesisTitle choosingatopic Thetitleisthefirstpartofanessaythatmeetstheeyeofthereader Itwillperhapsmakethedifferencebetweencontinuingontoreadtheabstractormovingontoanotherone Thetitlemustcontaintheveryessenceoftheessay butshouldnotbetoolong Compositionofathesis Title choosingapropertopic1 Chooseatopicthatreallyintriguesyou 2 Narrowdownatopic 3 Avoidatopicwhosesourcesaretoolimited 4 Rememberthataninitialtopicmaynotbethetopicyouendupwritingabout Compositionofathesis Commentonthefollowingtopics 1 DINKFamiliesinChina DINK doubleincome nokids toobroad SenseofHappinessof UniversityStudents AttitudesToward LifeViewpointof Compositionofathesis Title choosingapropertopic2 SocialJusticeEducationEquityforMigrantWorkersinShanghai3 AStudyoftheCorrosionofArtifactIron 铁制品 StudyofAcidicPollutantsonArtifactIronforFarming Title choosingapropertopic 4 StudentsPressureUniversitystudents PressureofEmployment5 OntheUseofthePassiveinJournalArticlesOntheUseofthePassiveinPhysicsJournalArticles Spellingofatitle I Title Spelling 3ways A Capitalizethefirstletterofeachcontentworde g PartsofSpeechintheChineseLanguageB Capitalizethefirstlettere g PartsofspeechintheChineselanguageC Capitalizeeverylettere g PARTSOFSPEECHINTHECHINESELANGUAGE TypeAiscommonlyused Spellingofatitle II Title Spellingofnon contentwordsA AllPositiveFactorsThoughtofB GoodFriendtoDependonC oneffectoftheWinterWeatherinChongqingonVegetablesD DifferencebetweenChineseandAmericanCollegeEducation Spellingofatitle Title Spellingofnon contentwordsA AllPositiveFactorsThoughtOfB GoodFriendtoDependOnC OneffectoftheWinterWeatherinChongqingonVegetablesD DifferenceBetweenChineseandAmericanCollegeEducation Spellingofatitle Title ArticleuseThearticlestandingatthebeginningofatitleisusuallyomitted E g ADiscussiononOptimismTheDietProblemsinChongqing TitleExercises Modifythefollowingtitles 1 英语学习研究2 中国饮食问题3 学生学习评价研究4 成功因素研究 Exercises Modifythefollowingtitles1 英语学习研究研究生学术写作研究研究生英语学术写作研究西南大学研究生英语学术写作研究2 中国饮食问题早餐饮食问题研究初中生早餐饮食问题研究某地区初中生早餐饮食问题研究 TitleExercises Modifythefollowingtitles 3 学生学习评价研究课堂表现评价研究数学课堂表现评价研究西部地区大学生数学课堂表现评价研究重庆地区大学生数学课堂表现评价研究4 成功因素研究商务人士成功因素研究商务管理人士成功因素研究上海商务管理人士成功因素研究 TitleTitletranslation 1 西南大学研究生英语学术写作研究StudyofGraduates EnglishAcademicWritinginSWU2 重庆地区初中生早餐饮食问题研究DietProblemsinBreakfastforJuniorsofChongqing TitleTitletranslation 3 重庆地区大学生数学课堂表现评价研究AResearchonSWUniversityStudents ClassroomPerformanceAssessmentinMathematics4 上海商务管理人士成功因素研究PositiveFactorsContributingtoSuccessfulBusinessmenManagegmentofShanghai Title On standingatthebeginningofatitleOldermanuscriptsoftendisplaytitlesbeginningwith Onthe Thisphraseisequivalentto Studyof or Investigationinto Itisnotacommonstyleincurrentpublications Author sname 1 Expressionofname a Familyname givennameb Givenname familyname2 Spellingofanauthor sname 李卫东 LiWeidong LIWeidong Li Weidong WeidongLi WeiD Li Wei dongLiW D LI Translationofatitle Authorandaffiliation中国期刊常见英文署名例子 QINChao xian1 LIBing2 1 SchoolofForeignLanguages SouthwestUniversity Beibei Chongqing400715 China 2 InstituteofCrops SichuanAcademyofAgriculturalSciences Chengdu Sichuan610066 China 国外期刊常见英文署名例子 C X Qin1 S A Aunjum21 SchoolofForeignLanguages SouthwestUniversity Beibei Chongqing400715 China 2 DepartmentofAgronomy CollegeofAgricultureandBiotechnology HuajiachiCampus ZhejiangUniversity Hangzhou310029 China 联合国教科文组织规定 全世界公开发表的论文 不管用何种文字写成 都必须有一篇短小精悍的英文摘要 位置 中文摘要和关键词之后 正文之前论文参考文献之后 HowtoWriteanAbstract HowtoWriteanAbstract1 Whatisanabstract Notashortenedversionofanacademicpaper Norasummaryofmajorpointsfromaresearchpaper Anindispensablepartofanacademicresearchpaper Itmustbeinformative concise anddevoidof discussion typemonologues 长篇大论 Howtowriteanabstract 2 CategoriesofabstractDescriptiveabstract 描述式摘要 Informativeabstract 报道式摘要 Descriptive informativeabstract HowtoWriteanAbstract 1 DescriptiveabstractAdescriptiveabstractusuallystatesthegeneralsubjectmatterofthedocumentthatfollows Ittellsinaqualitativewaywhatthepapercontains 即概述性摘要或简介性摘要 它只简要地介绍论文的论题 或者概括地表述研究的目的 仅使读者对论文的主要内容有一个概括的了解 适用于管理类论文 专题论述 综述性论文等 篇幅以50 100字为宜 HowtoWriteanAbstract 2 Aninformativeabstractstatestheresearchproblem methodsandprocess highlightstheresultsandfindingsand brieflybutquantitatively givingessentialdata includingconclusions 即资料性摘要或情报性摘要 一般用来反映论文的目的 方法及主要结果和结论 在有限的字数内向读者提供尽可能多的定性或定量信息 充分反映论文的创新之处 一般学术论文都应写成报道性摘要 适用于试验研究和专题研究类论文 HowtoWriteanAbstract 3 Descriptive informativeabstract报道 指示性摘要以报道性摘要的形式表述论文中价值最高的那部分内容 其余部分则以指示性摘要形式表达 篇幅以100 200字为宜 HowtoWriteanAbstract 3 LengthofabstractItisageneralrulethatanabstractwillbeapproximately3 5 ofthelengthoftheoriginalpaper HowtoWriteanAbstract 4 ContentsofabstractFour Whats andone How couldhelpconstructagoodabstract WhatIwanttodo HowIdidtheresearch WhatresultsdidIget WhatconclusionscanIdraw Whatisnewandoriginalinthispaper Howtowriteanabstract 写好英文摘要 作者必须回答好以下几个问题 4Whats 1How 1 本文的目的或要解决的问题 WhatIwanttodo 2 解决问题的方法及过程 HowIdidit 3 主要结果及结论 WhatresultsdidIgetandwhatconclusionscanIdraw 4 本文的创新 独到之处 Whatisnewandoriginalinthispaper Howtowriteanabstract1 目的 WhatIwanttodo 主要说明作者写作此文的目的 或本研究主要解决的问题 一般来说 一篇好的英文摘要 一开头就应该把作者本文的目的或要解决的主要问题非常明确地交待清楚 注意以下两点 a Eliminateorminimizebackgroundinformation 不谈或尽量少谈背景信息 b Avoidrepeatingthetitleorpartofthetitleinthefirstsentenceoftheabstract 避免在摘要的第一句话重复使用题目或题目的一部分 Howtowriteanabstract2 过程与方法 HowIdidit 在英文摘要中 过程与方法的阐述起着承前启后的作用 开头交待了要解决的问题之后 接着要回答的自然就是如何解决问题 最后的结果和结论也往往与研究过程及方法是密切相关的 最常见的问题是泛泛而谈 空洞无物 只有定性的描述 使读者很难清楚地了解论文中解决问题的过程和方法 HowtoWriteanAbstract Therearefourpossiblestylesforstartinganabstract style1Iattemptto style2Weattemptto style3Thispaperattemptsto style4Theauthorsattemptto HowtoWriteanAbstract Thestyleyouusewilldependonyourdisciplineandontherequirementsofthejournal Usingthefirstpersonsingular Style1 isgenerallyonlyfoundinhumanisticfieldswheretheauthor sopinionsareoftenoutlined Style2isfoundinallfields Style3isalsoverycommonandmanyjournalsinsistonthisstyle Style4istheleastcommonstyle Howtowriteanabstract 4 StructureofabstractTopicsentence supportingsentences concludingsentences Howtowriteanabstract Topicsentence Thetopicsentencealwaysstraightforwardlyindicatestheprimaryobjectiveoftheresearch Somesentencepatternsareasfollows Howtowriteanabstract Thepurposeofthisresearchis Thechiefaimofthepresentworkistoinvestigatethefeaturesof Theprimaryobjectiveofthisfundamentalresearchistorevealthecauseof Theexperimentbeingmadebyourresearchgroupisaimedatobtainingtheresultof Theemphasisofthisstudyliesin Inthispaper theauthoraimsat HowtoWriteanAbstract Supportingsentences Supportingsentencesfurtherspecifytheresearchtobepresented researchbackground researchmethods subjectsprocedures analyses resultsandconclusionswillbeprovidedinthispart whichcouldbetakenasthe mainbodyoftheabstract HowtoWriteanAbstract Concludingsentences Astheendingpartofanabstract concludingsentencesusuallyanalyzetheresults explaintheapplication andpointoutthesignificanceoftheresearch HowtoWriteanAbstract Somesentencepatternsarelistedbelow Inconclusion westatethat Thestudieswehaveperformedshowthat Theresearchwehavedonesuggeststhat Thesesfindingsoftheresearchhaveledtheauthortotheconclusionthat Astheresultoftheexperiments theauthorconcludesthat Howtowriteanabstract 5 Tensesandvoicesusedinabstract1 Formallanguagetendstobeused Longsentencesshouldbealternativelyusedwithshortones 2 a Activevoice presenttensearepreferableinthetopicsentence Thispaperdiscusses ratherthan Itwasdiscussedbytheauthorinthepaperthat b Pasttense passivevoiceareusedtodescribewhatwasdoneandwhatwasfoundinthemainbody c Presenttenseisusedintheconcludingpart Howtowriteanabstract 5 Tensesandvoicesusedinabstract3 Andvarietyofformsinvocabulary expressions structures sentencespatternsarepreferablewhilesuchphrasesshouldbeavoidedas Ithink Mystudy ourstudy it s they re Howtowriteanabstract6 Expressionofnumerals1 DatesInAmerica March8 2011 3 8 2011 InEngland 8March 2011 8 3 2011 2 Cardinalnumerals 9participants cannotstandatthebeginningofasentence 9 Nine Howtowriteanabstract 6 Expressionofnumerals3 from30 50 Right from30 to50 4 Positivethinkerssold37 morethandid ofthelong timerepresentatives Ofthelong timerepresentatives positivethinkerssold37 morethandidthenegativeones Thenumberexpressingthewholegoesbeforethepart Howtowriteanabstract 7 Keywordsa Spelling 3waysKeywords Keywords KeyWords 其中Keywords是根据 中国学术期刊检索与评价数据规范 所要求的 另外两种拼写在国外的刊物很常见 Howtowriteanabstract b Punctuation Keywords languageanxiety foreignlanguagelearning socio economicandculturefactors commonlyused Keywordslanguageanxietyforeignlanguagelearningsocio economicandculturefactors Practice CommentonthefollowingabstractExaminationofAbstractWritingStylesAbstractAlargesamplingofabstractswasobtainedfromtheU S Thispaperpresentstheresultsoftheanalysisofabstracts Severalstatisticalmethodswereusedinthestudy Atableofstylevs localityintheU S ispresented Severalinterestingconclusionsofthecorrelationstudyarediscussed Finally recommendationsaremadeonhowtoimproveabstractpreparation Noauthor sname noauthor saffiliation nokeywords nostudymethods samplingtechniques methodsofstatisticalanalysis andconclusionofanykind SampleAbstract Theaimofthisdissertationistoinvestigatetheextentandnatureofsoftwarepiracy concentratingonthreetypesofsoftwarepiracyfacingorganizationstoday applicationssoftwarepiracy musicpiracyandmoviepiracy Theuseofmoderntechnology inparticulartheInternet tofacilitatenewavenuesforsoftwarepiracymakestheneedforthisresearchtimely ThisresearchprojectwasbasedonareviewofrelevantliteratureandquestionnairessenttooneorganizationinScotland Thefindingsunderlinethatthereisanincreaseinsoftwarepiracyandthatdifferenttypesofpiracyhavedifferentmarkets e g applicationssoftwarepiracydirectedatthebusinesscommunity esearchFocus M R F R otivation esearchMethods indings SampleAbstract whereasmusicpiracyisaimedattheyoung and correspondingly different althoughoverlapping solutions Themainconclusiontobedrawnfromthisworkisthatsoftwarepiracyisbothacriminalproblemandaculturalissue attheheartofwhichliesasolutionbasedonethicalawarenesstraining Keywords softwarepiracy musicpiracy moviepiracy ethics training Giveyourcommentsonthefollowingabstract Inthispaper thecomparisonbetweeneastandwestcampaigndoings IcompareEastandWestcampaigndoingsandshowtheprominencesofcultureanditsimpactsupontheoperationofthepubliccommunicationcampaigns Specially mypapershowsthat ChineseandAmericancampaignpracticesdifferin 1 ideologies 意识形态 andperceptions 观念 2 approachesandstrategies and 3 implementations 影响 andevaluations 评价 Inrunningthecampaigns whileAmericansrelyheavilyonmassmediaandconcentrateonshort termgoals Chinesedependmoreoninterpersonalinfluencesandprimarilyonlong termsocialeffects Thesedifferences rehoweverattributedtotheirrespectivecultureorientations Example 目的 ThispapercontrastsAmericanandChinesecampaignpracticesandrevealstheprominencesofcultureanditsimpactsupontheoperationofthepubliccommunicationcampaigns mainbody Itisshowninthisstudythattheirdifferencesspeciallylieinideologiesandperceptions approachesandstrategies implementationsandevaluations Inrunningthecampaigns Americansrelyheavilyonmassmediaandconcentrateonshort termgoalswhileChinesedependmoreoninterpersonalinfluencesandprima