科技文体在语篇上的特征和体现(中英).ppt

StylisticFeaturesofESTatTextualLevel By Contents Introduction简介 TheDifferenceandSimilarityinTextualOrganization篇章架构的差异和相似性及其翻译TheDifferenceinTextualOrganizationTheSimilarityinTextualOrganization CoherenceandCohesion文本的逻辑连贯 衔接及其翻译CoherenceCohesion Informationinthescientifictextscanbestructuredinaparticularwaysoastosuitanintendedpurpose TheseexistslittledifferencebetweenChineseandEnglishinthisregard TheInstituteoflinguistsinthetestforCertificateoftranslation suggeststhatthestandardrequirescohesion coherence andorganization 英国语言学会 Instituteoflinguists 在翻译证书考试中提出的翻译标准提到 连贯一致 组织合理 即cohesion coherence andorganization 衔接 连贯和篇章架构 Introduction TheDifferenceandSimilarityinTextualOrganization WhenwetranslateESTintoChinese itisquiteimportanttofindoutthedifferencesintextualstructurebetweenSLandTL Meanwhile therearemanysimilaritiesintextualorganizationofbothEnglishandChinese Thusitiscrucialtoreproducetheauthor sthinkingpatternandinformationbykeepingthesimilartextualorganizationastheoriginalversions Whatis TextualOrganization篇章架构 Whatis TextualOrganization篇章架构 Asfarasweknow theESTcanbebasicallycomposedby3parts thepurposeandconclusionofthewholepassagevariousmethodstoillustrateallthesepointsthelogicalrelationshipthatcanputalltheinformationmentionedabovetogether Theframeorsequenceshouldbeconsistent theyarethebonestructureofthewholepassage WecancallthemTextualOrganization DifferenceinTextualOrganization A Englishtextsnormallysetacentralideafirst illustrateitandthensumituptoaconclusion WhileChinesetexts withoutacentralidea oftenleadanaturallogiccourseandlettheconclusionemergespontaneously B TheclassiclogiccourseofEnglishtextsistorevealanidea providesomefactsandreasonsandthencometoaconclusion WhereasthelogicstructureofChinesetestsisaNaturallogicstructure DifferenceinTextualOrganization ThedecisionbytheChinaQualityControlAssociationtocompileandprintthisalbumwasmadeoutofthefollowingconsiderations Theneedtogivewidepublicitytotheexploitsiftheawardees Thedesirabilitytoenhancethereputationoftheprize winningenterprisesandthefameoftheirproductsandservices andThenecessitytoacquainttheexecutivesandemployeesofcariousenterprisesindifferentregionsandsectionswiththespecificsituationsofdistinguishedqualitymanagementinadvancedenterprises Allthesewereexpectedtoboostthedriveforcreatingastillgreaternumberofadvancedunitsthroughemulationandrealizationofcommonprogressamongthem 译文 为了更广泛地对获奖单位的事迹进行宣传 扩大企业及其产品 服务的知名度和影响 是全国各地区 各部门企业管理干部和广大职工了解我国质量管理先进企业的情况 互相学习 共同提高 把国家质量管理工作推向一个新的阶段 中国质量管理协会决定编印这本画册 英语科技文体 范式与翻译 方梦之 C AsopposedtoChinese whichlistachainofreasonsorfactsfirst thelogiccentreofEnglishisrightupfrontinthetext DifferenceinTextualOrganization Ourbodiesarequitecapableofdealingwithharmfulbacteria aslongastherearenottoomanyofthem 译文 只要有害细菌数量并不太大 我们的身体完全能够抵挡得住 英语科技文体 范式与翻译 方梦之 SimilarityinTextualOrganization NaturalSequence自然顺序 TheFoodandDrugAdministrationapprovedhumanclinicaltrialsforsuchaprocedurejustlastmonth Overthelastdecade neuroscientistshaveusedtheproteintomakeneuronsreacttolighttohelpthemstudythebrain atechniqueknownasoptogenetics Now theAnnArbor Michigan basedcompany RetroSenseTherapeutics hasrecruited15patientsrenderedblindbyageneticeyediseaseforitsclinicaltrialtofindoutwhetherchannelrhodopsin 2willworkineyecells too Ifitdoes thequalityofvisionthepatientswillhaveremainsunknown butmicethathavehadasimilartreatmentappeartoseebarsoflight whichscientistssayispromising source GreenalgaecouldholdacureforblindnessbySARAHZHANGSCIENCE09 10 157 00AM 美国食品药品监督管理局 FDA 今年8月批准将该疗法应用于临床治疗 过去十年来 神经科学家曾利用蛋白质使神经元对光产生感应 从而帮助了解大脑 这种技术叫作光基因技术 现在 密歇根州一家公司AnnArbor打算重塑视觉疗法 该公司招募了15名由于遗传性眼疾导致失明的患者进行临床试验 旨在了解紫红质通道蛋白 2是否同样适用于眼细胞 如果确实见效 尽管当前患者的视觉恢复效果尚不知晓 但是大鼠在接受同样治疗后已经可以辨别光源 科学家认为这一疗法前途光明 source Science 绿藻或可治疗失明 SpecificDate e g inAugustandSeptember1977在1977年8月和9月 1 Temporalsequence时间顺序1 1TheSequenceoftime年代时间顺序 1 2Thesequenceofprocess过程时间顺序1 2 1 description描写型 Intheiranalysis thescientistscompiledmapsonwhere132mammals 117birds and249amphibiansliveinthecountry fine tuningthemusingelevationdataandremotesensingmappingthatrevealedwhereforestshaven tbeenlogged Next theresearchersisolatedareaswherethenumberofspeciesineachgroupwashighest thehotspots andcomparedhowwellthoseareasoverlappedwithwherepandasoccur Inanadditionalstep theyalsooverlaidmapsofChina ssystemofgiantpandanationalnaturalreservestoseehowwelltheareascovertheseotherspecies whichincludethegoldensnub nosedmonkey theTibetanmacaque andthetaking ananimalsometimesreferredtoasagoat antelope amongothers source Saveapanda savetheforest byEmilyDeMarco16September201512 15pm 在他们的分析报告中 科学家们收集了中国132种哺乳动物 117种鸟类 249种两栖动物的居住环境地图 然后利用海拔数据和遥感制图对地图进行了微调 标出了那些森林还没有被砍伐的区域 接下来 研究人员挑出了以上三种物种各自存在数目最多的热点地区 并比较了这些区域同大熊猫出现的地区的重叠程度 更进一步 他们还将中国大熊猫国家级自然保护区的地图与之重叠比较 以了解这些地区对以上其它物种的覆盖程度 其中包括川金丝猴 藏猕猴 以及羚牛 这种动物有时也被称为藏羚羊 等等 source Science 拯救熊猫就是拯救森林 Wordstodescribeeachstep e g first then finally首先 然后 最后 锁定iPhone会使显示屏进入睡眠状态 节省电池电量并防止误操作 您仍可以接听电话和FaceTime呼叫 接收文本信息 闹钟和通知 您也可以 听音乐调整音量用耳机上的控制按钮接电话或听音乐 摘录来自 AppleInc iPhone使用手册 适用于iOS8 4 iBooks https itun es cn Lj4F3 l WheniPhoneislocked nothinghappensifyoutouchthescreen iPhonecanstillreceivecalls textmessages andotherupdates Youcanalso ListentomusicAdjustthevolumeUsethecenterbuttononyourheadsettotakecallsorlistentomusic source iPhoneuserguideChapter1 mand指令型 Wordsstandforspace Generale g inside outside above below left totherightAccuratee g 3mmbelow 5meterslong 2 SpatialSequence空间顺序 TheLogicalSequence逻辑顺序 Thedatashowthatmalesarrivedatthenestingsiteapproximately6daysbeforetheirfemalecounterpartsandstayedabout6dayslonger However theshortmatingseasonmeansthepairsareonlyunitedforabout20to30daysayear Andwhentheywereseparated itwasusuallybyalargedistance Duringthewintermonths partnerswereseparatedbyanaveragedistanceofabout600km andonepairwasobservedasfaras2500kmapart theteamreportsonlinetodayinBiologyLetters Despitethelargespatialsegregation theirhabitatswerequitesimilar rulingoutthepossibilitythatpartnersarespendingthewintermonthsapartbecauseofsex baseddifferencesinhabitatorfoodpreference Sowhydon tthebirdsjuststicktogether DOI 10 1126 science aad1726作者 DavidShultz 研究团队今日在 生物学快报 的网站上报告说 当它们分居时 通常相距甚远 在冬季 企鹅伴侣们分别居住在平均相隔600公里的两地 观察到的分隔最远的一对达到了2500公里 尽管遥居两地 但它们的栖息环境却十分相似 从而排除了不同性别对栖息地或食物的偏好不同而需要在冬季分居的可能 那么这些鸟儿们为什么不粘在一起呢 这到目前为止仍然是一个谜 Science 一夫一妻制 企鹅聚少离多 1 CauseandEffect因果排序 Wordsorphrases e g because as since dueto intheconsequenceofImpliedlogic Humanvocaldevelopmentoccursthroughtwoparallelinteractiveprocessesthattransforminfantcriesintomorematurevocalizations suchascooingsoundsandbabbling First naturalcategoriesofsoundschangeasthevocalapparatusmatures Second parentalvocalfeedbacksensitizesinfantstocertainfeaturesofthosesounds andthesoundsaremodifiedaccordingly source ThedevelopmentaldynamicsofmarmosetmonkeyvocalproductionbyD Y TakahashiDOI 10 1126 science aab1058 人类发生过程产生于两种平行的互动过程 在此过程中 婴儿的哭声转为更为成熟的发声 比如咿咿呀呀和说话含糊不清 首先 声音的自然分类会随发声器官的成熟而改变 其次 父母的声音反馈能使婴儿意识到自身发声的某些特点 由此对发声作出相应改变 source Science 狨猴学习发声 2 PrimaryandSecondary主次排序 Arrangetextualstructurebythelevelofimportance e g first second most secondmost less least 3 ComparisonandContrast比较与对比 compare e g incomparison similarly like likewise inthesameway resemble asdoesXsodoesYcontrast e g incontrast ontheotherhand however nevertheless although differ 4 Analogy类推5 Illustration例证e g forexample forinstance ascanbeseen 6 Diagram图解DOI 10 1038 ncomms9264NatureCommunication CoherenceandCohesion Textisacomplete naturalsemanticunit Withthedevicesofcoherenceandcohesion eachpartofatextintermsofformsandcontentscouldbeunitedmeaningfully However differencesstillexistbetweenthetwodevices Coherencefocusesonlogicalreasoningtoachieveitssemanticconnection andisconsideredasaninvisiblewebofatext whilecohesion onthecontrary asavisiblewebofatext expressesakindofstructuralconnectionbyusingwordsandgrammars InvisibleWebofText Theprocessoftranslationisactuallytorecognizeandreconstructthetextualcoherence andtoalargeextent thereestablishmentoftextualcoherenceandthesuccessofcommunicativefunctionoftranslationdirectlyinvolvethecorrespondingtranslationstrategy Thereare8commonly usedlogicalcoherencemethodsandrelatedexamplesbelow Coherence 连贯 承接关联ContinuationAssociation 并列关联CoordinateAssociation 目的和结果关联PurposeandResultAssociation 递进关联ForwardAssociation 条件和假设关联ConditionandAssumptionAssociation 让步关联ConcessionAssociation 因果关联CauseandEffectAssociation 选择和转折关联SelectionandTransitionAssociation COisacolorless odorless tastelessgasthatfortunatelyisnotknowntohaveadverseeffectsonvegetation visibility ormaterialobjects Itsdominantenvironmentalimpactappearstobetoxicitytomanandanimals whicharisesfromitswell knowncompetitionwithhemoglobininredbloodells asinequation3 1 Reference 科技语篇翻译中的连贯策略 余高峰 上海理工大学学报 1 并列关联CoordinateAssociation 译文1一氧化碳是一种无色 无臭 无昧的气体 幸好尚未发现它对植物 对能见度 或者对物质材料有什么坏的影响 它最突出的环境问题是对人体和动物体有毒 其毒性在于它与红血球里的血红蛋白争夺氧 见反应式3 1 译文2一氧化碳是一种无色 无臭 无味的气体 对植物 能见度和各种物品都没有害处 可是 由于它跟红血球里的血红蛋白争夺氧 见反应式3 1 对人体和动物体有毒 就会造成严重的环境问题 Coordinatedsentenceincludescoordinatedrelation selectedrelation transitionrelationandcauseandresultrelation 并列句包括联合关系 选择关系 转折关系和因果关系 Guinca pigsandmiceareverysusceptibletoanthraxwhiledogsaremuchlessso andithasbeenshownthatforsomereasonthephagocytesfotheformeranimalsdonotattacktheanthraxbacillus whilethoseofthelatterdoso ZhouDubao 1999 Reference 2 承接关联ContinuationAssociationContinuationrelationrefersthecontinuation consistenceanddevelopmentinsentences 表示关联语句的连续 前后的一致和发展 译文 豚鼠和小树非常容易患炭疽 而狗却比较困难 已经证实 由于某种原因 豚鼠和小鼠的吞噬细胞不能扑捉炭疽杆菌 而狗的吞噬小却具有这种能力 Thisinformationisassembledonmapsandcrosssections andfittedtogetherinthemindofthepetroleumgeologist whereitisinterpretedandtranslatedintothebestplacetodrillawellthatwillpenetrateatrapbelowthesurfaceofthegroundandtherebyenablethewelltotestthetrap scontent 石油地质学家将这些资料绘制在地质图或剖面图上 经过综合分析 确定最佳井位 这样就可以钻穿地下圈闭 从而测试出圈闭中油气的储量 Reference 商务翻译实务 袁洪 王济华 对外经济贸易大学出版社 3 递进关联ForwardAssociationForwardRelation astheimprovementofContinuationRelation emphasesmoreonthegradualadvanceandprogressinthesentences 表示承接关联的发展 更加强调语句的渐进和累进关系 Hisprediction however mayoftenbebasedonthemostfragmentarydata someofwhichareobtainedbyspecialistsorexpertswhomayormaynothaveaworkingknowledgeofgeology orbygeologistswhohaveworkedwithnothoughtofpetroleumpossibilitiesoftheregion Reference 科技翻译 傅涌林 唐跃勤 外语教学和研究出版社 4 选择和转折关联SelectionandTransitionAssociationSelectionandTransitionRelationreferstheselectionorthecomparisonandtransitioninsentences 表示语句的挑选和取舍或者语句之间的对比 转折关系 然而 他的预测可能常常是以一些非常零散的资料为基础的 这些资料中有些是由非地质学的专家获得的 他们或许有或许没有足够的地质学知识 或是由地质学家获得的 但他们没有考虑该的确是否有存在石油的可能性 1 Ifthisexperimentfails then thewholeschememustbescrapped如果这次实验失败 整个计划就得作废 Reference Heatthetesttubefurther andayellowgaswillbeseentoescapeintotheair 将试管进一步加热 就可以看到有一种黄色的气体逸到空气中 Reference Butfortheimitationofthesomenaturalmaterials plasticsmightnothavebeencreated 要不是模仿某些天然材料的话 塑料就不可能创造出来 Reference 5 条件和假设关联ConditionandAssumptionAssociationCommonly usedChineseassociatedwordsinclude 既然 就 一旦 就 假设 就 除非 才 如果 就 Subjunctiveandinvertedstructure虚拟倒装结构 Were had should Subject With TheNominativeAbsoluteWith独立主格结构TheImperativeSentenceimpliesassumption祈使句隐含假设 Fastandaccuratelyastheelectroniccomputerswork theycannotdoallthatmandoes Reference 6 让步关联ConcessionAssociationConcessionrelationreferstheconcession 退让 andreversion 反转 Commonly usedChineseassociatedwordsare 虽然 但是 即使 也 尽管电子计算机运算的又快又准确 但它们做不了人所做的一切工作 Adverbial While状语 WhileAttributiveclause定语从句 Theboilingpointsofhydrocarbonsaredifferent Theycanberemovedfrompetroliumbycontrollingtheirtemperature Reference 科技英语隐含的因果关系及汉译尹汝昭Withtheintroductionoftheelectroniccomputer thereisnocomplicatedproblembutcanbesolvedinafewhours 有了电子计算机就没有几小时算不完的复杂算题 Reference 7 因果关联CauseandEffectAssociation Weshouldunderstandtheimplicatedlogicalcauseandeffectrelationtokeeptextcoherenceevenwithout since because sothat Supposethatstressesdevelopwithinthelithospherethattendtomoveoneblockofthecrustnorthwardandtheneighboringblocktowardthesouth ortodepressoneblockandelevatetheadjacentone Afracturemaythenformbetweenthetwoblocks alongwhichmovementwilltakeplaceSOastorelievethestress Reference 8 目的和结果关联PurposeandResultAssociationPurposeandResultAssociationrefersthepurposeandresultofthosedevelopingorcontinuingsentences 表示语句推进或者延续的目的 结果 假定应力在岩石圈内聚积致使一个地块向北移动而相邻的地块向南移动 或者一个地块下降而相邻的地块抬升 那么 在两个地块之间便会出现一条断裂 沿此断裂产生位移从而使应力得到释放 Cohesion 衔接 Definition Cohesionreferstoakindofsemanticconnectionandarelationshipbetweentheinternalstructuresofasentence Likeavisibletextualweb cohesioncanberealizedbysurfacestructureslikewordsandgrammar Itisrelatedtothebroaderconceptofcoherence 连贯 Types M A K HallidayandRuqaiyHasanidentifyfivegeneralcategoriesofcohesivedevicesthatcreate Itisrelatedtothebroaderconceptofcoherence 连贯 coherenceintexts reference 指示 ellipsis 省略 substitution 替代 lexicalcohesion 词汇衔接 andconjunction 连接 VisibleWebofText Forexample 1 Becauseoftheimprovedshuntingofcodedtrackcircuitandtheefficiencyofthecode responsivetrackrelay itispossibletoincreasethelengthofacodedtrackcircuitwellbeyondthelengththatwouldoperatesatisfactorywithasteady energytrackcircuit assumingsimilarconditionsforeach 由于电码化轨道电路提高了分路灵敏度 同时 conjunction 电码化轨道继电器性能优良 所以增加电码化轨道电路的传输长度是有可能的 这个长度 reference 会远远超过同等条件下恒源轨道电路 ellipsis 正常工作的传输长度 选自P122 2 Manylightrailsystems evenfairyoldones haveacombinationwithon roadandoff roadsections 许多轻轨系统 甚至相当老的那种 substitution 将专有路段和并用路段结合起来 铁路运输与信号专业英语 P28 3 Thebas