Product Life Cycle THEORY (国际贸易-英文)产品生命周期理论ppt课件

TheProductLife CycleTheory Theproductlife cyclemodeloftrade PLC PCT ProductCycleTheory 2 Why Consider Themodel PLC claimsthatmanyproductsgothroughatradecycle duringwhichtheUnitedStatesisinitiallyanexporter thenlosesitsexportmarketsandmayfinallybecomeanimporteroftheproduct LouisT Wells JR 3 OUTLINE BackgroundBriefIntroductionStagesoftheProductCycleTradeImplicationsofProductCycle 4 IBackground FactorEndowmentTheoryassumedthat sametechnologyinproduction productionfunction 生产函数 kindofproducts eg someadvancedcountries shareverysimilargeneraleconomicconditions Butinreality thetechnologyeverycountryadopteddoesexistgap andthisgapisdynamicallychanging Toexplainthecausesofinternationaltradeandtradepatternsbasedonthechangesintechnology in1961 theU S economistM V PosnerproposedtheTechnologicalGapTheoryandgaveanexplanation 5 TechnologicalGapTheory 技术差距论 Trademaybecausedbytechnicalchangesanddevelopments Particulartechnicalchangesoriginateinonecountry comparativecostdifferences 比较成本差异 mayinducetradeinparticulargoodsduringthelapseoftimetakenfortherestoftheworldtoimitateonecountry sinnovation InternationalTradeandTechnicalChangeAdemandlag 需求时滞 Aimitationlag 模仿时滞 Areactionlag 反应时滞 Amasterylag 掌握时滞 IBackground 6 TechnologicalGapModel t0 创新国生产和出口 模仿国生产和出口 T 时间 创新国生产 创新国进口 模仿国出口 创新国出口 模仿国进口 t1 t2 t3 需求时滞 反应时滞 掌握时滞 模仿时滞 模仿国生产 国际贸易的可能 7 However why taketheleadingposition howlong imitationgap BycombiningPLCinmarketingwithinternationaltradetheory Technologicaldevelopmentofanewproductgenerallyhasthreestages newproductstage thestageofmaturityandstandardization Then 8 IIBriefIntroduction Worldtrade Manufacturedproducts Aproduct slife Technologytransfer FDI ForeignDirectInvestment Import Exporttrade Advancedcountries RaymondVernon 9 ProductshavealimitedmarketlifePLCfourstages Marketing locationofproductionshiftsdynamicdevelopmentofcomparativeAdvantageTheorybasedonTechnologicalGapTheory IIBriefIntroduction 10 IIIStagesoftheProductCycle StageI TheNewProduct Innovationhighlyskilledlabor capitalforRmonopolizeTechnology intensiveNointernationaltradehappens StageII TheMaturingProduct StageIII TheStandardizedProduct 11 IIIStagesoftheProductCycle StageI TheNewProduct StageII TheMaturingProductIncreasinglystandardizedflexibilityindesign manufacturingdeclines competitorsdevelop pricesandprofitmargins LosesmarketorinvestsabroadtradeandinvestmentareintertwinedCapital intensive StageIII TheStandardizedProduct 12 IIIStagesoftheProductCycle StageI TheNewProduct StageII TheMaturingProduct StageIII TheStandardizedProductCompletelystandardized Technologyaccountsless LDC Profitmarginsarethin andcompetitionisfierce Labor intensive unskilled 13 PLCModel NewProductMaturingProductStandardizedProductStagesofProductDevelopment 14 More ThePLChypothesisinanewinternationalenvironmenthasbeenchangingfortworeasons geographicalreach network sspread overseassubsidiaries 子公司 nationalmarketsoftheadvancedindustrializedcountriesdifferencesreduce RaymondVernon 15 A TheproductisinitiallydesignedandmanufacturedintheU S B Astheproductmovestothematuringproductstage productionexpandstootheradvancedcountries C Thestandardizedproductionstageseesthecomparativeadvantageofproductionandexportshifttolessdevelopedcountries IVTradeImplicationsoftheProductCycle 16 PLCModel ManufacturedGoods T1 T3 T4 T5 17 Astheproductlifecyclestagechanges thedeterminantsaffectingthecomparativeadvantageischanging