胡壮麟语言学第四版第1章ppt课件

InvitationstoLinguistics 1 1WhyStudyLanguage 1 2WhatIsLanguage 1 3DesignFeaturesofLanguage1 4OriginofLanguage1 5FunctionsofLanguage1 6WhatIsLinguistics 1 7MainBranchesofLinguistics1 8Macrolinguistics1 9ImportantDistinctionsinLinguistics 1 1WhyStudyLanguage 1 Childrenlearntheirnativelanguageswiftly efficientlyandwithoutinstruction 2 Languageoperatesbyrules 3 Alllanguageshavethreemajorcomponents asoundsystem asystemoflexicogrammarandasystemofsemantics 4 Everyonespeaksadialect 5 Languageslowlychanges 6 Speakersofalllanguagesemployarangeofstylesandasetofjargons 7 Languagesareintimatelyrelatedtothesocietiesandindividualswhousethem 8 Writingisderivativeofspeech 1 2WhatIsLanguage Language isasystemofarbitraryvocalsymbolsusedforhumancommunication 1 3DesignFeaturesofLanguage ArbitrarinessDualityCreativityDisplacement 1 Arbitraryrelationshipbetweenthesoundofamorphemeanditsmeaning2 Arbitrarinessatthesyntacticlevel3 Arbitrarinessandconvention 1 3 1Arbitrariness 1 3 2Duality Duality doublearticulation Lowerlevel sounds meaningless Higherlevel meaning largerunitsofmeaning 1 3 3Creativity Peculiartohumanlanguages usersoflanguagecanunderstandandproducesentencestheyhaveneverheardbefore e g wecanunderstandsentencelike Ared eyedelephantisdancingonthehotelbed thoughitdoesnotdescribeacommonhappeningintheworld Agibboncallsystemisnotproductiveforgibbondrawalltheircallsfromafixedrepertoirewhichisrapidlyexhausted makinganynoveltyimpossible Thebeedancedoeshavealimitedproductivity asitisusedtocommunicateaboutfoodsourcesinanydirection Butfoodsourcesaretheonlykindofmessagesthatcanbesentthroughthebeedance beesdonot talk aboutthemselves thehives orwind letaloneaboutpeople animals hopesordesires 1 3 4Displacement Languagecanbeusedtorefertothings whicharenotpresent realorimaginedmattersinthepast presentorfuture orinfar awayplaces 1 4 Originoflanguage Originoflanguage 语言的起源是语言学的基本理论问题之一 对于语言的起源问题 有摹声说bow wow 劳动号子yo he ho说 社会契约 论和 手势语言 论 语言的发展必然包含两个方面 语言交际功能的发展和语言结构系统的发展 消亡的词汇不少 但是新产生的更多 词汇变化的另一形式表现为词意的改变 词汇在不同的历史时期可以具有不同的词义 语音的变化虽然不如词汇明显 但是它也是随着时间的推移在发展的 英语历史上就出现了 元音大变迁 语法也同样在发生变化 1 4 1The bow wow theory 1 4 2The pooh pooh theory 1 4 3The yo he ho theory 1 4 1The bow wow theoryInprimitivetimespeopleimitatedthesoundsoftheanimalcallsinthewildenvironmenttheylivedandspeechdevelopedfromthat Onomatopoeicwordsseemtobeaconvenientevidenceforthistheory Buttheyareverydifferentinthedegreeofresemblancetheyexpresswiththenaturalsounds Thistheorylackssupportiveevidence 1 4 2The pooh pooh theoryInthehardlifeofourprimitiveancestors theyutterinstinctivesoundsofpain angerandjoy Asforevidence wecanonlycitetheuniversaluseofsoundsasinterjections Twoproblems Thereisonlyalimitednumberofinterjectionsinalmostalllanguages Besides interjectionssuchasOh Ah Oopsbearlittlerelationshipwiththesoundsystemofalanguageandthereforearenotgoodevidence 1 4 3The yo he ho theoryAsprimitivepeopleworkedtogether theyproducedsomerhythmicgruntswhichgraduallydevelopedintochantsandthenintolanguage Wedohaveprosodicuseofrhythmsinlanguages butrhythmicgruntsarefardifferentfromlanguageinitspresentsense Thetheoryisagainatmostaspeculation 1 5Functionsoflanguage InformativeInterpersonalFunctionPerformativeEmotiveFunctionPhaticcommunionRecreationalFunctionMetalingualFunction 1 6Whatislinguistics Linguistics isthescientificstudyoflanguageorthescienceoflanguage Processoflinguisticstudy Certainlinguisticfactsareobserved generalizationareformed Hypothesesareformulated Hypothesesaretestedbyfurtherobservations Alinguistictheoryisconstructed 1 7Mainbranchesoflinguistics PhoneticsPhonologyMorphologySyntaxSemanticsPragmatics Phonetics speechsound description classification transcription articulatoryphonetics acousticphonetics auditoryphonetics Phonology soundpatternsoflanguagesMorphology theformofwords Syntax therulesgoverningthecombinationofwordsintosentence Semantics themeaningoflanguage whenthemeaningoflanguageisconductedinthecontextoflanguageuse Pragmatics Pragmatics isthestudyofmeaningincontext 1 9Importantdistinctionsinlinguistics 1 9 1Descriptivevs Prescriptive Descriptive describe analyzelinguisticfactsobservedorlanguagepeopleactuallyuse modernlinguistic Prescriptive laydownrulesfor correct linguisticbehaviorinusinglanguage traditionalgrammar 1 9 2Synchronicvs Diachronic Synchronicstudy descriptionofalanguageatsomepointoftime modernlinguistics Diachronicstudy descriptionofalanguagethroughtime historicaldevelopmentoflanguageoveraperiodoftime 1 9 3Langue Parole Langue theabstractlinguisticsystemsha