英语语法：定语从句.doc

此文档收集于网络，如有侵权，请联系网站删除有关定语从句的概念 (1)定语从句：就是在复合句里充当定语的从句，它通常紧靠在所修饰的名词或代词后面。(2)先行词：就是被定语从句修饰的名词或代词。(3)关系词：引导定语从句的词叫关系词。关系词有关系代词who, whom, whose, which和that等；关系副词有when, where, why等。关系词不仅起连接作用，而且还代表先行词并在定语从句中担任某一句子成分，关系代词作主语、宾语、定语、表语等，关系副词作状语。如：This is the book that my father bought me yesterday. 这就是我父亲昨天帮我买的那本书。说明：句中修饰the book的that my father bought me yesterday就是定语从句；被定语从句所修饰的the book这是先行词；代表the book的关系代词that在定语从句中作bought的直接宾语。The time when he arrives is not known. 他到达的时间还不知道。说明：句中when he arrives是定语从句，被定语从句修饰的the time是先行词，关系副词when作时间状语。关系代词的一般用法先行词是人，在从句中作主语用who，作宾语用whom或who，作定语用whose；先行词是物，在定语从句中作主语或宾语都用which，作定语用of which或whose均可。在限制性定语从句中which, who, whom都可用that代替。关系代词作宾语时常被省略。This is the man who helped me yesterday. 这就是昨天帮助我的那个人。(作主语)The teacher (who/whom/that) you want to see is coming. 你要见的老师来了。(作see的宾语，可以省略)I met a boy whose father was a astronaut. 我认识一位男孩，他的父亲是宇航员。(作定语)Here is the coat which/that will be made to you. 这是一件做给你的衣服。（作主语）This is the factory (which/that) we visited last year.这就是我们去年参观的那家工厂。(作visited的宾语，可以省略)He has a book whose cover (=the cover of which) is very beautiful. 他有一本封面非常漂亮的书。关系副词的一般用法关系副词有when, where, why，在定语从句中作状语，分别表示时间、地点和原因。when的先行词通常是time, day, season, age, occasion等时间名词；where的先行词通常是place, city, town, village, house, case, situation, scenes等地点或情形名词；why的先行词只能是reason。关系副词when和where有时可用“介词which”代替，why可用for which代替。如：There are occasions when (=on which) one must yield. 任何人都有不得不屈服的时候。Beijing is the place where (=in which) I was born.北京是我的出生地。Is this the reason why (=for which) he refused our offer?这就是他拒绝我们帮助他的理由吗？注意：先行词虽然是时间或地点，但若在定语从句中作主语或宾语时，要用关系代词。(1)The factory where his father worked has closed. 他父亲曾工作的那家工厂关闭了。(作状语)比较：The factory which/that was built in 1978 has closed. 1978年建的那家工厂关闭了。(作主语)(2) Ill never forget the days when we lived together. 我永远也忘不了我们一起生活的那些日子。(作状语)比较：Ill never forget the days (that) we spent in Australia. 我永远也忘不了我们在澳大利亚度过的那些日子。(作及物动词spent的宾语)(3) The reason (why) she was ill was that she had eaten bad meat. 她生病的原因是她吃了变质的肉。(作状语，用关系副词)比较：The reason (that) he gave for his absence was obviously fabricated.他所说的缺席理由显然是编造的。(作gave的宾语，用关系代词)定语从句还是强调句请看看这道题：Where did you find the professor who made the speech yesterday?It was in the hall _ the students often have a meeting.A. where B. whichC. that D. when【分析】很可能误选C，认为这是一个强调句，强调地点状语 in the hall。假若选C，即有 It was in the hall that the students often have a meeting，该句的意思是“学生们通常是在大厅开会”，单独看这一句，无论是其意思还是其语法均未错，但若将其与上文联系起来看，则不通，因为上文的意思是“你是在哪儿找到昨天作报告的那位教授的?”假若将答句改为 It was in the hall that I found the professor，则完全可以。其实，此题的最佳答案是A，where the students often have a meeting 为定语从句，用以修饰其前的名词 the hall，句意为“是在学生们经常开会的那个大厅(找到教授的)”，这样语意就通顺了。学习定语从句的几个误区一、误认为关系代词whose只用于修饰人whose用作疑问代词时，主要用于指人；但用作关系代词时，它既可指人也可指物。如：It was an island, whose name I have forgotten. 它是一座岛，名字我忘了。The factory, whose workers are all women, is closed during the holidays. 这家工厂工人都是妇女，在假期中工厂关门了。二、混淆定语从句与并列句请看下面两题：1. He has two children, and both of _ are abroad.A. them B. which C. whom D. who2. He has two children, both of _ are abroad.A. them B. which C. whom D. who第1题选A，第2题选C。由于第1题中用了并列连词and，从而使整个句子为并列句，and后应是一个独立的简单句，所以选A不选C；第2题没有并列连词and，both of whom are abroad为非限制性定语从句。另外，请比较下面一题：He has two children, both of _ being abroad.A. them B. which C. whom D. who此题答案为A，其中的both of them being abroad为独立主格结构，用作状语。请再看一组类似的例子：1. He wrote a lot of novels, many of _ translated into foreign languages.A. it B. them C. which D. that2. He wrote a lot of novels, many of _ were translated into foreign languages.A. it B. them C. which D. that第1应选B，而不能选C，是因为句中的 translated 是过去分词(非谓语动词)，若选C，则该从句无谓语；第2应选C，因为句中有谓语 were translated。比较下面一例：He wrote a lot of novels, and many of _ were translated into foreign languages.A. it B. them C. which D. that此题与上面的第2题不同，两句间多了一个并列连词and，说明这是一个并列句，故应选B，则不能选C。三、混淆关系代词与关系副词有的同学一看到先行词是表示时间、地点、原因的名词，就认为一定要用关系副词，其实也不一定。在此情况下，还要看关系词在定语从句中是用作什么成分，若是用作状语，则用关系副词，若不是用作状语(如用作主语、宾语等)则不能用关系副词，而用关系代词。比较：This is the factory where I want to work. 这就是我想工作的工厂。(work为不及物动词where在从句中用作状语)This is the factory that I want to visit. 这就是我想参观的工厂。(visit为及物动词，that用作visit的宾语)The reason why he cant come is that he is ill. 他没来的是因为他病了。(come为不及物动词，why在定语从句中用作状语)The reason that he put forth is very important. 他提出的理由很重要。(put forth为及物动词，that在定语从句中用作其宾语)定语从句学习要点一、概说定语从句即指在主从复合句用作定语的从句。定语从句通常修饰名词或代词，对它进行限制、描绘和说明。受定语从句修饰的词语叫先行词，引导定语从句的词语叫关系词。关系词按其性质又分关系代词和关系副词。根据从句与主句关系的紧密程度，定语从句又分为限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句。二、关系词的用法关系词根据其性质可分为关系代词和关系副词。关系代词主要有 that, who, whom, whose, which, as 等，其中 who 和 whom 只用于指人，which和 as 只用于指事物，whose 和 that 既可于指人也可用于指物，它们在定语从句可用作主语、宾语、表语或定语；关系副词主要有 when, where 和 why，其中 when 表示时间，where 表地点，why 表原因，它们在定语从句中均用作状语。如：This is the book (which) you want. 这就是你要的那本书。There are a lot of things that are wrong. 有很多错的东西。This is the town where I was born. 这就是我出生的城市。These are the reasons why we do it. 这些就是我们这样做的原因。三、关系词的选择1. 一看先行词的意义，即分清先行词是指人、指物、时间、地点还是原因，如指物时不能用who或whom，指人时通常不用which等。2. 二看关系词的句法功能，即分清关系词是担任什么句子成分，是作主语还是宾语、是作定语还是状语等，如作定语通常用whose，有时也用which；作状语要用when, where, why。注意，不要一看到先行词为表时间、地点、原因的名词，就认为一定要用 when, where, why 来引导定语从句，要注意分清它们在定语从句充当什么成分。如：I forget the time when he will come. 我忘记了他来的时间。(when 引导定语从句，在定语从句中用作状语)I forget the time that he told me. 我忘记了他告诉我的时间。(that 引导定语从句，在定语从句中用作宾语)The reason why he cant come is that he is ill. 他不能来的原因是他病了。(why 引导定语从句，在定语从句中用作状语)The reason that he told me is not true. 他告诉我的原因不真实。(that 引导定语从句，在定语从句中用作宾语)3. 三看定语从句的种类，即分清是限制性定语从句还是非限制性定语从句，如that和why通常不引导非限制性定语从句。注意，不要一看到逗号就认为是非限制性定语从句。如：If youve really said that to her, _ will cause real trouble.A. that B. which C. as D. what此题答案是A，不是B。尽管空格前有逗号，但这并不是非限制性定语从句，所以不能填 which。正确的理解是：If youve really said that to her 是一个条件状语从句，逗号后的句子是主句，空格处填that用作主句主语。定语从句关系词的用法与选择关系词的用法关系词分关系代词和关系副词。关系代词主要有 that, who, whom, whose, which, as 等，其中who和whom 只用于指人，which和as 只用于指事物，whose和 that既可于指人也可用于指物，它们在定语从句可用作主语、宾语、表语或定语；关系副词主要有when, where 和why，其中when表示时间，where表地点，why表原因，它们在定语从句中均用作状语：A plane is a machine that can fly. 飞机是一种能飞行的机器。(that指物，在从句中用作主语)I have forgotten everything that I learnt at school. 我把学校学的所有东西都给忘了。(that指物，在从句中句作宾语)The man who lives in that house is my uncle. 住在那座房子里的人是我叔叔。(who指人，在从句中作主语)The house whose windows are broken is empty. 破了窗户的那座房子是空的。(whose指物，在从句中作定语) There are some students whose questions I cant answer. 有些学生提出的问题我回答不了。(whose指人，在从句中作定语)He is not such a fool as he looks. 他并不像他看起来那么傻。(as指人，在从句作表语)关系词的选择选择关系词可考虑以下四点：(1) 一看先行词的意义，即分清先行词是指人、指物、时间、地点还是原因(如指物时不能用who或whom，指人时通常不用which等)。(2) 二看关系词的句法功能，即分清关系词是担任什么句子成分，是作主语还是宾语、是作定语还是状语等(如作定语通常用whose，有时也用which；作状语要用when, where, why)。(3) 三看定语从句的种类，即分清是限制性定语从句还是非限制性定语从句(如that和why通常不引导非限制性定语从句)。(4) 四看文体，即分清是正式文体还是非正式文体，是书面语体还是口语体。定语从句中关系副词的用法关系副词when的用法when 既可引导限制性定语从句，又可引导非限制性定语从句。先行词是时间名词，在从句中充当时间状语，相当于“介词+which”。如：Can you tell me the time when the film will start?Can you tell me the time at which the film will start? 请告诉我电影什么时候开始好吗？(限制性定语从句) I will never forget the day, when I joined the Party. I will never forget the day, on which I joined the Party. 我入党的那一天，我永远不会忘记。(非限制性定语从句) 关系副词where的用法where既可引导限制性定语从句，又可引导非限制性定语从句。先行词是地点名词，在从句中充当地点状语，相当于：“介词+which”。如：This is the school where I studied a few years ago. This is the school in which I studied a few years ago. 这就是我几年前所在读书的学校。Lets go to the concert, where you will find much fun. Lets go to the concert, in which you will find much fun. 我们去音乐演唱会吧，在那里你会找到很大的乐趣。关系副词why的用法why只能引导限制性定语从句，先行词只有reason一词，在从句中充当原因状语，相当于：“for + which”。如：Do you know the reason why he is not here now?Do you know the reason for which he is not here now? 你知道他还没有来这儿的原因吗？关系副词that的用法that只能引导限制性定语从句，充当关系副词时，其作用相当于：“介词+关系代词”，在从句中充当时间、地点、方式、原因状语等。如：1. 在定语从句中作时间状语。现行词有：each time, every time, anytime, the first time, the moment, the minute, the hour, etc. 但现代英语中，that往往省略。如：Each time (that) I meet him, he will smile and say “hello”. 每次我会见他时，他都会笑着说“喂，你好!”2. 在定语从句中作方式状语, 现行词是way, 如：Can you show me the way (that) you solve the problem like this? 请告诉我你解决这类问题的方法好吗？3. 在定语从句中作原因状语，现行词只有reason一词，如：I dont know the reason (that) he has left school now. 我不知道他辍学的原因。4. 在定语从句中做其他状语，现行词如price, speed等，如：I think the price (that) she sells her apple is too high. (that = at which) 我认为她卖苹果的价格太高定语从句的限制性与非限制性1. 结构不同限制性定语从句常紧接在先行词后，主、从句间没有逗号分开；而非限制性定语从句与先行词之间常用逗号分开，并且as所引导的非限制性定语从句还可放在主句之前。如：His friend who works in Guangdong telephoned him last night. 他在广东工作的朋友昨天来了电话。(限制性) His father, who works in Guangdong, telephoned last night. 他父亲在广东工作，昨天给他来了电话。(非限制性) As you know, I dont like drinking or smoking. 你知道，我不喜欢喝酒、抽烟。(非限制性) 2. 功能不同限制性定语从句对先行词进行修饰、限制，如果去掉定语从句，整个句子的意思就不完整、不准确；非限制性定语从句对先行词进行补充、说明，即使去掉定语从句，对句子的意思没有影响。如：He asked me a question which was about my study at school. 他问了一个有关我在学校学习的问题。如果去掉后面的定语从句，句子的意思显然不清楚。This is my motorbike, which was sent to me by my uncle. 这是我的摩托车，它是我叔叔送的。显然去掉后面的定语从句对句子的意思没有影响。3. 先行词不同限制性定语从句的先行词一般是名词或代词；非限制性定语从句的先行词可以是名词、代词、短语、甚至是整个句子。如：I know nothing that happened last night. 昨天晚上所发生的事情，我一点也不知道。(修饰前面的nothing) He has made great progress, which made us happy. 他进步了，这使我们大家都很高兴。(说明前面句子的整个内容) 4. 关系词的使用不同that, but, why只能引导限制性定语从句，关系词有时可以省略。而其他的关系词可引导非限制性定语从句，且关系词不可以省略。如：He told us the reason why he wanted to drop his math. 他告诉了我们他为什么要放弃数学的原因。本句若改写为非限制性定语从句，应该是：He told us the reason, for which he wanted to drop his math. 5. 翻译时的表达方法不同限制性定语从句一般译成一句话；而限制性定语从句一般要译成两句话，即：把非限制性定语从句单独译成一句话放在主句之后，补充说明主句。如：The car which he drives was bought last year. 他开的那辆车是去年买的。He drives a new car, which was bought last year. 他开一辆新车，这车是去年买的。定语从句与其他从句的区别限制性定语从句与同位语从句的区别关系副词引导限制性定语从句中的关系词有跟他们含义相应的先行词，而引导同位语从句时则没有与他们含义相应的先行词。如：Sorry, Ive forgot the day when we met for the first time. 抱歉，我记不起我们第一次见面的日子了。(定语从句，先行词the day 与when含义相应) Ive no idea when we met for the first time. 我不知道我们第一次是什么时候见面的。(同位语从句，idea与when没有任何联系) 定语从句与时间语状语从句的区别当定语从句的引导词与时间状语的连接词都是when时，定语从句修饰、限制、说明时间名词，只能放在先行词的后面；而时间状语从句说明动作发生的情况，并且可以放在主句的前面。如：Do you know the time when the class is over? 你知道下课的时间吗？(定语从句) It was already five oclock when the class was over. When the class was over, it was already five oclock. 当课结束时，已经是五点钟了。(时间状语从句) 定语从句与地点状语从句的区别当定语从句的引导词与地点状语的连接词都是where时，定语从句修饰、限制、说明地点名词；而状语从句说明动作发生的地点，where没有对应的地点名词或代词。如：This is the place where we used to live a few years ago. 这就是几年前我们常居住的地方。(定语从句) Lets go where we can find a better job. 我们到我们能找到更好工作的地方去吧。(地点状语从句) 定语从句与强调句型的区别定语从句对名词或代词的修饰和限制，关系词可能是that, which, as, who, but, 另一方面，句子中的It有所指；而强调句型是对某部分加强语气，而强调语气的连接词只能是that, who，并且句子中的It 没有任何意义；一般比较明显，而有时就难以区别，还需要根据上下文的语境来判断。如：It is a book that he wants. 它究竟是强调句型还是定语从句，就要从语境上来考察。如果它是用来回答What is this / that? 这样的问题，意思是：它是一本他想要的书。句子显然是定语从句。如果是用来回答What does he want?这样的问题，那么意思是：他想要的是一本书。显然，句子是强调句型。定语从句与结果状语从句的区别定语从句中的关系词在从句中还要做某种成分，因而从句成分不完整；而结果状语从句中的连接词不作句子任何成分，因此句子成分完整。如：It is such an interesting book as we all like. 它是我们大家都喜欢的如此有趣的书。(定语从句) It is such an interesting book that we all like it. 它是一本如此有趣的书，我么大家都喜欢它。 (结果状语从句)比较：It is such an interesting book that we all like. 强调句型。意思是：我们大家都喜欢的是一本如此有趣的书。定语从句与独立主格结构的区别定语从句一般有关系词、主谓结构完整；而独立主格结构没有关系词、也没有谓语动词。如：The book being very interesting, we all like it. 由于这本书有趣，我们大家都喜欢它。The book which / that is very interesting was published last year. 这本有趣的书是去年出版的。as与which引导非限制性定语从句的区别这类定语从句只能由 which 或 as 引导。两者之间的区别在于：1. which 引导的定语从句只能位于主句后，但as引导的从句可位于主句前、中、后。如：David, as you know, is a photograopher. 戴维是个摄影师，你是知道的。(不可用which)Li Ming is late, as is often the case. 李明迟到了，这事是经常发生的。(不可用which)2. as在定语从句中作主语时，从句谓语通常要有be或别的系动词，但which不受此限制。如：Li Ming was late, which (=and this) made Mr. Zhang very angry. 李明迟到了，这件事使张先生非常生气。(不可用as)3. as 引导的定语从句只表示一个众所周知或意料之中的事，但 which 不受此限制。如：He married her, which was unexpected. 他和她结婚了，这是出乎意料的。(不可用as)4. as有“正如”之意，而which则意为“这(件事，一点)”，可用and this/that/it来代替。5. as多用于固定搭配中：as is often the case(这是常有的事)，as was expected(不出所料)，as often happens(正如经常发生的那样)，as is known to all(众所周知)，as has been said before(如上所述)，as is mentioned above(正如上面所提到的)等。注：which 代表整个句子，还可用于in which case, at which point, on which occasion等。如：I may have to work late, in which case Ill telephone you. 我可能得晚点下班，那样我会给你打电话的。关系代词作定语的定语从句一、whose关系代词在从句中作定语表示所属关系，先行词是人，表示“先行词这个人的”，用whose；先行词是事物，表示“先行词这个事物的”，用whose或theof which或of which都可以。如：In 1980 he caught a serious illness from whose effects he still suffers. 1980年他患了到现在对他仍有影响的重病。The treasure some of which has been recovered, has been sent to the British Museum. 这些宝藏已送往大英博物馆，其中有一些是失而复得的。二、which关系代词which 用作定语时，含有类似 this 或 that 的含义。如：She may be late, in which case we ought to wait for her. 她可能迟到，因此我们应该等她。He lost his temper,at which point I decided to go home. 他发脾气了，这时我就决定回家了。I may have to work late,in which case Ill telephone. 我可能得晚点下班，那样我会打电话的。The speaker paused to examine his notes, at which point a loud crash was heard. 讲演者停下来查阅他的笔记，就在这时，听到了砰的一声巨响。He was appointed Lord Chancellor, in which post he spent the rest of his life. 他被任命为大法官，在这个职位上度过了他的后半生。My father may have to go into hospital, in which case wont be going on holiday. 我父亲可能需要住院，如果那样他就不去度假了。Sometimes feta is very salty,in which case no salt needs to be added. 有时，羊奶干酪很咸。如果这样的话，就不必加盐了。限制性定语从句与非限制性定语从句的六点区别区别一：形式不同限定性定语从句主句和从句之间不用逗号隔开，口语中使用时也不停顿；而非限定性定语从句与主句之间通常有逗号隔开，口语中使用时有停顿。区别二：功能不同限定性定语从句用于对先行词的意义进行修饰、限制和识别，如果去掉，就会造成句意不完整或概念不清；而非限定性定语从句用于对先行词起补充说明作用，如果省略，句意仍然清楚、完整。如：People who take physical exercise live longer. 进行体育锻炼的人活得长些。(若把从句去掉句子就失去意义)His daughter, who is in Boston now, is coming home next week. 他女儿现在在波士顿，下星期回来。(若把从句去句子意义仍然完整)区别三：翻译不同在翻译定语从句时，一般把限定性定语从句翻译在它所修饰的先行词之前，而把非限定性定语从句与主句分开。如：He is the