理性和革命时期美国文学ppt课件

PartIITheLiteratureofReasonandRevolution HistoricalIntroductionImportantwritersDeclarationofIndependence HistoricalIntroduction Twohistoricalevents1 TheAmericanWarforIndependence1775 17832 EnlightenmentTheologydominatedthePuritanphaseofAmericanwriting Politicswasnowthegreatsubjecttocommandtheattentionofthebestminds I TheAmericanWarforIndependence1775 1783 1 ThewritersheldvitallyimportantplacesinthemovementforAmericanindependence FreedomwaswonasmuchbytheirfieryandinspiringspeechesandwritingsasbytheweaponsofWashingtonandLafayette IntheAmericanRevolution Lafayetteservedasamajor general 少将 intheContinentalArmyunderGeorgeWashington The13originalAmericanstateswerepersuadedtobecomeasinglenationbytheargumentsofstatesmenandmenofletters GeorgeWashington Lafayette I TheAmericanWarforIndependence1775 1783 2 StrictrulesmadebyEnglishgovernmenthamperedtheeconomicdevelopmentofthecolonies TheBritishwantedthecoloniestoremainpoliticallyandeconomicallydependentonthemothercountry whichledtothecolonies intensestrainwithEngland SotheAmericanWarforIndependencebrokeoutin1775 I TheAmericanWarforIndependence1775 1783 1 1775 Lexington beginningoftheIndependenceWar 2 July4 1776 ThomasJefferson DeclarationofIndependence 3 1778 alliancewithFrance turningpointforAmericanarmy 4 1778 Englisharmysurrendered 5 1783 formalrecognitionbytheBritishgovernment3 Theproceduresoftheestablishmentofthenewnation 1 colonies 2 states 3 federalrepublic theUnitedStatesofAmerica II Enlightenment 1 EnlightenmentThespirituallifeinthecoloniesduringtheperiodwastoagreatdegreemoldedbythebourgeoisEnlightenment 1 OriginatedinEuropeinthe17thcentury 2 Sources Newton stheory deism 自然神教派 Frenchphilosophy Rousseau Voltaire II Enlightenment 3 Basicprinciples stressingeducation stressingReason Order TheagehasbeencalledtheAgeofReason employingReasontoreconsiderthetraditionsandsocialrealities concernsforcivilrights suchasequalityandsocialjustice theideaofprogress II Enlightenment 2 AttheinitialperiodthespreadoftheideasoftheEnlightenmentwaslargelyduetojournalism AlltheleadersoftherevolutionwereinfluencedbytheEnlightenment 3 Representatives BenjaminFranklin ThomasPaine ThomasJefferson etc TherepresentativesoftheEnlightenmentsetthemselvesthetaskofdisseminatingknowledgeamongthepeopleandadvocatingrevolutionaryideas TheyalsoactivelyparticipatedintheWarforIndependence II Enlightenment 4 ThenewnationwassetonthebasicideasandprinciplesoftheEnlightenment 5 InfluenceoftheEnlightenment 1 AmericanEnlightenmentdealtadecisiveblowuponthePuritantraditionsandbroughttolifeseculareducationandliterature 2 ThesecularidealsoftheAmericanEnlightenmentwereexemplifiedinthelifeandcareerofBenjaminFranklin III Literature 1 CallforAmerica sindependenceinliteratureAssoonasAmericabecamepoliticallyandeconomicallyindependent thecallforitsindependenceinliteraturestartedtoemerge In1783 NoahWebsterdeclared Americamustbeasindependentassheisinpolitics asfamousfortheartsasforarms YetthroughoutthecenturyAmericanliteraturewaslargelypatternedonthewritingof18thcenturyEnglishmen NoahWebster HisDictionaryoftheEnglishLanguage III Literature 2 Whileimaginativeliterature 富有想象力的文学作品 fiction mythology poetry drama etc inAmericaremainedderivative 派生的 拷贝的 anddependent theheroicandrevolutionaryambitionsoftheagehadcreatedgreatpoliticalpamphleteering 小册子 andstatepapers Essayistsandjournalistshadshapedthenation sbeliefswithreasondressedinclearandforcefulprose III Literature 3 RepresentativeworksThomasJefferson DeclarationofIndependenceThomasPaine TheAmericanCrisis RightsofMan TheFederalistBenjaminFranklin PoorRichard sAlmanac TheAutobiography BenjaminFranklin 1706 1790 Apatriot diplomat author printer scientist andinventorintheeighteenthcentury oneoftheFoundingFathersoftheUnitedStates BenjaminFranklin 1706 1790 Hewasajackofalltrades Borninapoorcandlemaker sfamilyinBostonandhadnoregulareducation Becameanapprenticetoaprinterwhenhewas12 Aneditorofanewspaperandpublishedlotsofessayswhenhewas16 HewenttoPhiladelphiawhenhewas17andbecameasuccessfulprinterandpublisher FoundtheJunto aclubforinformaldiscussionofscientific economicandpoliticalideas I Life EstablishedAmerica sfirstcirculatinglibrary Foundedthecollege UniversityofPennsylvania Retiredwhenhewas42 I Life 1 abusinessman 2 Ascientistwithlotsofinventionsandafamousexperiment kite electricity thunderstorm firstappliedtheterms positive and negative toelectricalcharges 电荷 3 astatesmanAsarepresentativeoftheColonies hetriedinvaintocounseltheBritishtowardpoliciesthatwouldletAmericagrowandflourishinassociationwithEngland HeconductedthedifficultnegotiationswithFrancethatbroughtfinancialandmilitarysupportforAmericainthewar I Life DeclarationofIndependenceTheTreatyofAlliancewithFranceTheTreatyofPeacewithEnglandTheConstitution 4 awriter 5 anembodimentofthe AmericanDream II Literarycareer Asanauthorhehadpowerofexpression Hisworksarewell knownfortheirsimplicity subtlehumorandbeingsarcastic 1 Representativeworks 1 PoorRichard sAlmanacModeledonfarmers annualcalendar keptpublishingformanyyears includesmanyclassicalsayings suchas Apennysavedisapennyearned Aplowmanonhislegsishigherthanagentlemanonhisknees PoorRichard sAlmanac II Literarycareer 2 TheAutobiographyWrittenwhenhewas65 Anintroductionofhislifetohisownson Includingfourpartswrittenindifferenttimes Thefirstsuccessstoryofself madeAmericans II Literarycareer InTheAutobiographywewillbeabletonotice 1 influenceofPuritanism suchasself examinationandself improvement timetable thirteenvirtues lifestyle 2 spiritsoftheEnlightenment man snatureisgood rightsofliberty virtuesincluding order II Literarycareer Style simple clearinorder direct conciseandhumorous Nothingshouldbeexpressedintwowordsthatcanaswellbeexpressedinone influenceofPuritanism Firstofitskindinliteratureandsettheautobiographyasagenre Popular stillwell readtoday II Literarycareer 2 InfluenceHisvaluesandstyleinfluencedlotsofAmericans OneofhisfellowAmericanssaid Hisshadowliesheavierthananyotherman sonthisyoungnation ThomasPaine 1737 1809 RevolutionaryWarpatriotandpamphleteer borninThetford England Paineemigratedin1774toPennsylvania wherehegravitated 被吸引 趋 倾 向 towardthosewhosupportedcolonialindependence I Lifeandcareer Paine spamphletCommonSenseappearedinJanuary1776andcausedanimmediatesensation Init PainebothsupportedAmericanindependenceandattackedthecorruptionoftheBritishhereditary 世袭的 monarchy I Lifeandcareer HefoughtintheRevolutionaryWarandcontinuedtopublish includinghis1776essayTheAmericanCrisis I Lifeandcareer II Majorworks 1 TheCaseoftheOfficersoftheExcise 1772 hisfirstpamphlet apetitiontoParliamentforalivingwagefortheexcisecollectors2 CommonSense 1776 signedsimply ByanEnglishman tourgethecoloniestodeclareindependence Painbecameforthwiththemostarticulate 表达清楚有力的 spokesmanoftheAmericanRevolution II Majorworks 3 TheAmericanCrisis 1776 1783 Paine schiefcontributionwasaseriesof16pamphlets 1776 1783 entitledTheAmericanCrisisandsigned CommonSense whichdealtdirectlywiththemilitaryengagementstoinspiretheContinentalArmy II Majorworks 4 TheRightsofMan 1791 92 ananswertoBurke sRecentReflectionsontheFrenchRevolution whichnotonlychampionedRousseau sdoctrinesoffreedom butalsosuggestedtheoverthrowoftheBritishmonarchy PainewasindictedfortreasonandwasforcedtoseekrefugeinFrance II Majorworks 5 TheAgeofReason 1795 adeistictreatiseadvocatingarationalisticviewofreligion 6 AnalysisofTheAmericanCrisis 1776 1783 aseriesofpamphletspublishedinLondonfrom1776 1783duringtheAmericanRevolution ItdecriedBritishactionsandloyalists offeringsupporttothepatrioticcause TheAmericanCrisis ThefirstofthepamphletswasreleasedduringatimewhentheRevolutionstilllookedanunsteadyprospect theopeningsentencewasadoptedasthewatchword 标语 口号 格言 ofthemovementtoTrenton TheAmericanCrisis Thefamousopeninglinesare Thesearethetimesthattrymen ssouls Thesummersoldierandthesunshinepatriotwill inthiscrisis shrinkfromtheserviceofhiscountry buthethatstandsitnow deservestheloveandthanksofmanandwoman Thepamphletattemptedtobolstermoraleandresistanceamongpatriots aswellasshameneutralsandloyaliststowardthecause ThomasJefferson 1743 1826 Born 13April1743Birthplace Shadwell VirginiaDied 4July1826 naturalcauses BestKnownAs AuthorofTheDeclarationofIndependence I Lifeandcareer 1 Hismindrangedcuriouslyovermanyfieldsofknowledge law philosophy government architecture education religion science agriculture mechanics andwhateverhetouched heenrichedinsomemeasure I Lifeandcareer 2 HewasthethirdpresidentoftheUnitedStates 1801 1809 theprincipalauthorofTheDeclarationofIndependence 1776 andoneofthemostinfluentialFoundingFathersforhispromotionoftheidealsofRepublicanismintheUnitedStates HighpointsofhispresidencyincludetheLouisianaPurchasefromNapoleonandtheexplorationofthewestbyLewisandClark 1804 1806 I Lifeandcareer 3 Asapoliticalphilosopher JeffersonwasamanoftheEnlightenmentandknewmanyintellectualleadersinBritainandFrance Heidealizedtheindependentyeomanfarmerasanexemplarofrepublicanvirtues distrustedcitiesandfinanciers andfavoredstates rightsandastrictlylimitedfederalgovernment JeffersonsupportedtheseparationofchurchandstateandwastheauthoroftheVirginiaStatuteforReligiousFreedom 1779 1786 I Lifeandcareer Hewastheeponym 名祖 命名来源 ofJeffersoniandemocracyandtheco founderandleaderoftheDemocratic RepublicanParty whichdominatedAmericanpoliticsforaquarter centuryandwastheprecursorofthemodern dayDemocraticParty JeffersonservedasthewartimeGovernorofVirginia 1779 1781 firstUnitedStatesSecretaryofState 1789 1793 andsecondVicePresident 1797 1801 I Lifeandcareer 4 Apolymath 学识渊博的人 Jeffersonachieveddistinctionas amongotherthings ahorticulturist 园艺学家 statesman architect archaeologist 考古学家 paleontologist 古生物学者 author inventorandfounderoftheUniversityofVirginia II TheDeclarationofIndependence TheDeclarationofIndependencewasanactoftheSecondContinentalCongress adoptedonJuly4 1776 whichdeclaredthattheThirteenColoniesinNorthAmericawere FreeandIndependentStates andthat allpoliticalconnectionbetweenthemandtheStateofGreatBritain isandoughttobetotallydissolved II TheDeclarationofIndependence Thedocument formallyentitledTheunanimousDeclarationofthethirteenUnitedStatesofAmerica explainedthejustificationsforseparationfromtheBritishcrown andwasanexpansionofRichardHenryLee sResolution passedbyCongressonJuly2 whichfirstproclaimedindependence Anengrossed 正式写成的 copyoftheDeclarationwassignedbymostofthedelegatesonAugust2andisnowondisplayintheNationalArchivesandRecordsAdministrationinWashington D C II TheDeclarationofIndependence TheDeclarationisconsideredtobethefoundingdocumentoftheUnitedStatesofAmerica whereJuly4iscelebratedasIndependenceDayandthenation sbirthday JohnHancock astheelectedPresidentofCongress wastheonlypersontosigntheDeclarationofIndependenceonJuly4 ItwasnotuntilthefollowingmonthonAugust2thattheremaining55otherdelegatesbegantosignthedocument II TheDeclarationofIndependence Thefollowingstatementshavebecomeworld famoussincethen Weholdthesetruthstobeself evident thatallmenarecreatedequal thattheyareendowedbytheirCreatorwithcertainunalienableRights thatamongtheseareLife LibertyandthepursuitofHappiness II TheDeclarationofIndependence 我们认为下面这些真理是不言而喻的 造物者创造了平等的个人 并赋予他们若干不可剥夺的权利 其中包括生命权 自由权和追求幸福的权利 II TheDeclarationofIndependence Thattosecuretheserights GovernmentsareinstitutedamongMen derivingtheirjustpowersfromtheconsentofthegoverned ThatwheneveranyFormofGovernmentbecomesdestructiveoftheseends itistheRightofthePeopletoalterortoabolishit andtoinstitutenewGovernment layingitsfoundationonsuchprinciplesandorganizingitspowersinsuchform astothemshallseemmostlikelytoeffecttheirSafetyandHappiness II TheDeclarationofIndependence 为了保障这些权利 人们才在他们之间建立政府 而政府之正当权力 则来自被统治者的同意 任何形式的政府 只要破坏上述目的 人民就有权利改变或废除它 并建立新政府 新政府赖以奠基的原则 得以组织权力的方式 都要最大可能地增进民众的安全和幸福 PhilipFreneau 1752 1832 PhilipMorinFreneau 1752 1832 wasanAmericanpoet essayist andjournalist RememberedasthepoetoftheAmericanRevolutionandthefatherofAmericanpoetry hewasatransitionalfigureinAmericanliterature I Lifeandcareer Hispoliticalandsatiricalpoemshavevaluemainlyforhistorians buthisplaceastheearliestimportantAmericanlyricpoetissecuredbysuchpoemsas TheWildHoneysuckle TheIndianBuryingGround and EutawSprings I Lifeandcareer Freneauwasperhapsthemostoutstandingwriterofthepost Revolutionaryperiod 1 Hispoemsare stronglylyrical withclearimagery neoclassicalinform andromanticinspirit 2 PhilipMorinFreneauwasadeistic 自然神论的 optimist Deism cf Deism 自然神论 自然神教派 isareligiousphilosophyandmovementthatderivestheexistenceandnatureofGodfromreasonandpersonalexperience Thisisincontrasttofideism 哲 信仰主义 一种认为知识取决于信仰的学说 whichisfoundinmanyformsofChristianity Islam JudaismandCatholicteachingsholdthatreligionreliesonrevelationinsacredscripturesorthetestimonyofotherpeopleaswellasreasoning Deism Deiststypicallyrejectsupernaturalevents prophecy miracles andtendtoassertthatGoddoesnotinterferewithhumanlifeandthelawsoftheuniverse Whatorganizedreligionsseeasdivinerevelationandholybooks mostdeistsseeasinterpretationsmadebyotherhumans ratherthanasauthoritativesources Deism DeismbecameprominentinGreatBritain France andtheUnitedStatesinthe17thand18thcenturies mostlyamongthoseraisedasChristianswhofoundtheycouldnotbelieveineitheratriune 三位一体的 God the