会计英语Unit 9ppt课件

Unit9StatementAnalysis LearningObjectivesThemainpurposeofthisunitistointroducethemethodsofanalysingthestatements Afterlearningthisunit youshouldbeableto 1 Identifythethreeformsofratioanalysismethods 2 Describethemainratios 3 Outlinethefourratiosassociatedwithfinancialstructure 4 Explainthefiveratiosassociatedwithprofitability 5 Describethecharacteristicsofhorizontalanalysis 6 Outlinethecharacteristicsofverticalanalysis 7 Masterthemainaccountingtermsrelatedtothestatementanalysis LeadInHereisasimplefinancialstatementofABCCompany Readitanddiscussthefollowingquestionswithyourpartner Questions 1 Whatinformationcanyougetfromthisstatement Doyouthinkthecompanyoperatewellornot Giveyourreasons Therearemanykindsofmethodsforanalyzingfinancialstatements Amongthem Ratioanalysisisthemostusefulandimportantmethod Itincludesfinancialstructureratios profitabilityratiosandassetmanagementmeasures 9 1FinancialStructureRatioAnalysisFinancialstructureratiosarebasedonthebalancesheet Theyareusedtoanalyzethecompany sliquidityandleverage Accordingly therearetwotypesofratios theliquidityratiosandthe leverageratios Currentratioandquickratioaretwowidelyusedratiostoassesstheliquidityofacompany Andtheleverageratiosincludedebtratioandequitymultiplier Theyareusedtoexaminetheaccountingentity sfinancialleverage Theformulationtocalculatethefourratiosareasbelow 1 Currentratio Currentassets Currentliabilities2 Quickratio Quickassets Currentliabilities Currentassets Inventories CurrentliabilitiesUsually thecurrentassetsrefertoassetsthatcanbetransferredintocasheasily Quickassetsarethosethatcanbemosteasilytransferredintocash Inventoriesareconsideredastheleasttransferablecurrentassets Therefore theydon tbelongtoquickassets Quickassets equaltocurrentassetsminusinventories Thesetworatiosreflectthecompany sabilitytorepayitsliabilities3 Debtratio Totalliabilities Totalassets4 Equitymultiplier Totalassets Totalowner sequityActivity Discussthefollowingquestionwithyourpartner Explainthemainratiosusedtoreflectacompany sfinancialstructure 9 2ProfitabilityRatioAnalysisProfitabilityratiosaremeasurestakentoexaminethecompany soperatingabilities Herewejustintroducesomewidelyusedones 1 Grossprofitratio Sales Costsofgoodssold TotalsalesThisratioexplainsthepercentageofvalueoverproductcosts 2 Profitmargin Netincome TotalsalesThisratioshowshowmuchnetincomewewillgetifwehave 1sale 3 Operatingprofitratio Earningsbeforeinterestandtaxes TotalsalesThisratioreflectstheoperatingresults Formostcorporations theoperatinggainsarethemostimportantsectionofitstotalearnings 4 Returnonassets Netincome Totalassets5 Returnonowner sequity Netincome Totalowner sequity Thesetworatiosrefertothebalancesheetandtheincomestatement Theyexplaintheprofitabilityoftotalassetsandnetassets Theaboveratiosarebasedontheresultofcurrenteconomicactivities Iftheseratiosarehigh thecompanywillhavegreatpotentialforfurtherdevelopment Activity Discussaboutthefollowingquestionwithyourpartner Explainthemainratiosusedtoreflectacompany sprofitability 9 3AssetManagementMeasures Inadditiontothefinancialstructureanalysisandtheprofitabilityanalysis therearesomemeasurestoexamineacompany sassetsmanagement Theycanevaluatehowwellacompanyusesitsassets Theyincludeinventoryturnoverandaccountsreceivableturnover Theyarecalculatedbythefollowingformulations 1 Inventoryturnover Costsofgoodssold Inventory2 Accountsreceivableturnover Sales AccountsreceivableThetworatiosdescribetheefficiencyoftheassetsmanagement Activity Discussthefollowingquestionwithyourpartner Saysomethingabouttheratioanalysesusedinourdailylife 9 4OtherStatementAnalysisMethodsHorizontalAnalysisHorizontalanalysisisalsocalledtrendanalysis Itusesseveralyears accountinginformationtodecidewhichaccountschangemorefrequentlyandwhichonesaremorestable Soit seasytodecidethetrendofthecompanyinthefuture VerticalAnalysisThereisanothernameforthisanalysismethod common sizeanalysis Itemphasizesontheinternalrelationshipsamongeachitem Inactualpractice percentageisoftenused Throughthepercentage wecanseewhichitemscontributemoretothecompany Activity Discussthefollowingquestionwithyourpartner What syouropinionaboutthedifferencesbetweenhorizontalanalysisandverticalanalysis Notes Grammar1 Andtheleverageratiosincludedebtratioandequitymultiplier Theyareusedtoexaminetheaccountingentity sfinancialleverage 杠杆比率包括负债比率和权益乘数 它们是用来衡量会计主体的财务杠杆指标 只有负债和所有者权益维持在适当的水平时 企业的财务成本才最低 负债比例过高 资本成本低 但财务风险高 企业面临到期还本付息的风险 如果负债的比例太小 企业经营的绝大部分资金都由投资者支付 虽然降低了财务风险 但是企业的资本成本会升高 所以杠杆指标对企业来说非常重要 2 Quickassetsarethosethatcanbemosteasilytransferredintocash 速动资产是那些最易变现的资产 速动资产是根据资产的变现能力划分的 涉及到的主要项目有现金 短期有价证券和短期投资等等 变现期间一般在半年以内 3 Thesetworatiosrefertothebalancesheetandtheincomestatement Theyexplaintheprofitabilityoftotalassetsandnetassets 这两个比率涉及到了资产负债表和利润表的数据 他们说明了企业总资产和净资产的获利能力 总资产报酬率和净资产报酬率说明企业运用资产获得利润的能力 便于将不同规模的企业进行比较 4 Inadditiontothefinancialstructureanalysisandtheprofitabilityanalysis therearesomemeasur