物理化学专业术语ppt课件

物理化学术语PhysicalChemicalTerms 第十课 1 changesofstate SolidliquidgasSolidgas liquefaction melting 2 Fluidityofasubstance Viscosity TheresistanceofasubstancetoflowSurfacetension theamountofenergyrequiredtoexpandthesurfaceofaliquidbyaunitarea Impartsmembrane likebehaviortothesurface 3 Solid Amorphoussolid asubstanceinwhichtheatoms molecules orionshavearandomandnonrepetitivethree dimensionalarrangement Crystallinesolid asubstanceinwhichtheatoms molecules orionshaveacharacteristicregular andrepetitivethree dimensionalarrangement 3 1Crystal Crystal asolidthathasashapeboundedbyplanesurfacesintersectingatfixedanglesSpacelattice asystemofpointsrepresentingsiteswithidenticalenvironmentsinthesameorientationinthecrystalUnitcell themostconvenientsmallpartofaspacelattice ifrepeatedinthreedimension willgeneratetheentirelattice 3 1 1Unitcell Primitiveunitcell aunitcellinwhichonlythecornersareoccupiedMultipleunitcell containotherlatticepointsinadditiontothoseatthecornersTheoreticaldensity themassoftheunitcelldividedbythevolumeoftheunitcell Polymorphous abletocrystallizeinmorethanonecrystalstructureIsomorphous havethesamecrystalstructure 4 Solution Saturatedsolution theconcentrationofdissolvedsoluteisequaltothatwhichwouldbeinequilibriumwithundissolvedsoluteunderthegivenconditions Solubility theconcentrationofasaturatedsolution unsaturatedsolution candissolvemoresolute Supersaturatedsolution holdsmoresolutethanwouldbeinequilibriumwithundissolvedsolute 4 1miscibility Miscibility themutualsolubilityoftwosubstancesinthesamephase Likedissolveslike Substancesthataresimilarinstructure bonding andespeciallyinintermolecularforcestendtobehighlyoreveninfinitelymiscible Immisicible 4 2Idealsolution Idealsolutionofamolecular theforcesbetweenallparticleofbothsolventandsoluteareidentical Idealsolutionofanionicsolute theionsinsolutionareindependentofeachotherandattractedonlytosolventmolecules Henry slaw Atconstanttemperature thepartialpressureofagasoverasolutionisdirectlyproportionaltothesolubilityofthegasinthatsolution 4 3standardsolution standardsolution asolutionofknownconcentrationConcentrationofsolution 1 mass weight percent massofsolute massofsolution 100 2 molarity molesofsolute litersofsolution3 molality molesofsolute kilogramofsolution 4 4colligativeproperty Raoult slaw Thevaporpressureofaliquidinasolutionisequaltothemolefractionofthatliquidinthesolutiontimesthevaporpressureofpureliquid colligativeproperty anypropertyofasolutionthatdependsontherelativenumbersofsoluteandsolventparticles 5 Semipermeablemembrane Semipermeablemembranes membranesthatallowthepassageofsomemoleculesbutnotothers Osmosis thepassageofsolventmoleculesthroughasemipermeablemembranefromamoredilutesolutionintoamoreconcentratedsolution Osmosispressure theexternalpressureexactlysufficienttoopposeosmosisandstopit 6 colloid Colloid colloidaldispersion asubstancemadeupofsuspendedparticleslargerthanmostmolecules buttoosmalltobeseeninanopticalmicroscopySol solidparticlessuspendedinaliquid suchasmudGel solidparticles usuallyverylargemolecules uniteinarandomandintertwinedstructurethatgivesrigiditytothemixtureEmulsion particlesofaliquidsuspendedinanotherliquidFoam tinybubblesofgassuspendedinaliquidAerosol airorgasisthesuspendingmedium 7 Chemicalkinetics Chemicalkinetics thestudyoftheratesandmechanismofchemicalreactionsActivationenergy theminimumenergythatreactantsmusthaveforreactiontooccur 7 1reactionrate reactionrate thechangeinconcentrationofareactantoraproductinaunitoftimeRateequation themathematicalrelationshipbetweenthereactionrateandtheconcentrationofoneormoreofthereactantsRateconstant relatesreactionratetosomefunctionofreactantconcentrationsraisedtovariouspowersInhibitors catalyst promoters 7 2equilibriumconstant equilibriumconstant Kisequaltotheproductoftheconcentrationsofthereactionsproducts eachraisedtothepowerequaltoitsstoichiometriccoefficient dividedbytheproductoftheconcentrationsofthereactants eachraisedtothepowerequaltoitsstoichiometriccoefficientReactionquotient Q takesthesameformasKbutisusedforreactionnotatequilibrium Solubilityproduct Ksp theequilibriumconstantforasolidelectrolyteinequilibriumwithitsionsinsolutionDissociationconstant Kd theequilibriumconstantforthedissociationofcomplexions 8 Electrochemistry Electrochemistry dealswithoxidation reductionreactionsthateitherproduceorutilizeelectricalenergy colligativeproperty Raoult slaw Thevaporpressureofaliquidinasolutionisequaltothemolefractionofthatliquidinthesolutiontimesthevaporpressureofpureliquid colligativeproperty anypropertyofasolutionthatdependsontherelativenumbersofsoluteandsolventparticles Colloid colloidaldispersion asubstancemadeupofsuspendedparticleslargerthanmostmolecules buttoosmalltobeseeninanopticalmicroscopySol solidparticlessuspendedinaliquid suchasmudGel solidparticles usuallyverylargemolecules uniteinarandomandintertwinedstructurethatgivesrigiditytothemixtureEmulsion particlesofaliquidsuspendedinanotherliquidFoam tinybubblesofgassuspendedinaliquidAerosol airorgasisthesuspendingmedium colloid equilibriumconstant equilibriumconstant Kisequaltotheproductoftheconcentrationsofthereactionsproducts eachraisedtothepowerequaltoitsstoichiometriccoefficient dividedbytheproductoftheconcentrationsofthereactants eachraisedtothepowerequaltoitsstoichiometriccoefficientReactionquotient Q takesthesameformasKbutisusedforreactionnotatequilibrium Electrochemistry Electrochemistry dealswithoxidation reductionreactionsthateitherproduc