CL9型铲运机结构设计 外文翻译.doc

毕业设计（论文）外文翻译题 目 CL9型铲运机工作装置 结构设计 专 业 班 级 学 生 指导教师 2015 年外文1ENERGY CONSUMED IN WORKING FROZEN GROUNDWITH AN ACTIVE SCRAPER BUCKETR. A .Ivanov UDC 621.876.6:624.13 9To determine the effectiveness of using active scrapers for working frozen ground, we carried out field investigations on natural frozen ground. For this purpose we designed and made an experimental bucket; in the bottom of which were located two pneumatic hammers with an impact energy of 100 kg.m. The bucket was installed on standard scraper with hydraulic control. The test procedure provided for recording of the induced stress and the compressed air consumption. The experiments were performed in gravelly clay and loam; the soil temperature during the investigations was between一2 and一120C. To characterize the efficiency of scraper operation, we took a suitable index, namely the total specific energy consumption, which was the sum of the energy consumption on breaking the frozen ground, filling the bucket with this material, and shifting the scraper.The energy consumption of impact-breaking of the ground consisted of the specific energy consumption on shifting the working member F5 and the energy consumption on compressed air，and was the ratio of the power consumed N to its intensity i. The intensity of breaking of the ground in the iven sector was determined from the equation。where Fi and Fk are, respectively, the cross-sectional areas of the fracture path at the beginning and end of the sector i-k, and Vs is the speed of the working member in the sector.The specific energy consumption on shifting the working member were determined by means of the equation where Ph is the horizontal component of the rock-breaking force son the teeth of the working member, and F is the cross-sectional area of the fracture path. The specific energy consumption on compressed air was where Patm is the mean excess compressed air pressure in the sec-tor. * and Q is the mean consumption of compressed air.(3) the compressed air consumption is expressed in terms of free air。where T is the absolute temperature of the air on the Kelvin scale ,P0 is the air pressure at t = 15C ,TO is the absolute temperature ,and Patm.a is the absolute air pressure.Figure 1 is a plot of the specific energy consumption the thickness of the layer being broken under various conditions; it will be seen that for minimal energy consumption on breaking frozen ground ,it is desirable to work lay em thicker than 15 cm ,because the energy consumption is much greater for thinner layers.Table 1 gives the specific energy consumption on breaking frozen ground, obtained by the author for layer thicknesses of 15-20 cm; it also gives the data of experiments by A .N .Zelenin on breaking frozen loam at - 5 and - 7 by an impact load, the energy of each impact being 100 kg.m,performed under the same conditions 1 .It will be seen that the specific energy consumption on breaking are less for an active scraper bucket than for splitting by a solid wedge (they are less by a factor of 4 for an impact energy A = 100 kg.m .and by a factor for 1.5-2.0 for A = 1000 kg.m) .This shows that the use of an active scraper bucket is an efficient way of breaking frozen ground.The specific energy consumption on filling the bucket with broken frozen rock was determined after deter-mining the pattern of change in forces along the path of filling of the bucket with rock ,If .This dependence is plotted graphically in Fig .2. It will be seen that the bucket filling forces increased with the layer thickness by a parabolic law. Furthermore ,these curves give the bucket filling coefficients, Kf ,obtained by these experiments.The equations for determining the specific energy consumption on filling the bucket ,Ef, and on moving the scraper like a vehicle, Em ,may be written in the general form where Kl is the coefficient of loosening of the rock ,and q is the volume of rock in the bucket.Substituting into Eq. (5) the bucket filling forces pf (Fig .2) and the mean value of the effect required to displace the scraper along the filling path ,Pd (this was 920-1070 kg in our experiments) ,we get the values of Ef and gd for various different breaking conditions (Fig .3).When h 10 cm ,only negligible filling of the bucket with broken frozen rock was observed .It will be seen from the curves that the specific energy consumption of filling hardly decreases at all with the thickness of the layer being broken; however, one cannot infer from this that it is more advantageous to fill the bucket by working a thinner layer, because a decrease in h is accompanied simultaneously not only by a decrease in the filling forces but also by a decrease in the filling coefficient Kf (Fig. 2) ,and the bucket is only partly filled. The specific energy consumption on filling the bucket is somewhat higher for gravel than for loam; this is also due to the lower values of Kf for gravelly ground.A comparison of the specific energy consumption on filling the bucket with frozen rock and on displacement of the scraper with the analogous in dices for unfrozen rock ,obtained by Artemev 2 ,reveals that they are virtually the same and that the specific energy expenditure required to fill the bucket with rock is even somewhat less for frozen rock; this is evidently attributable to the reduced friction in the latter case.In view of the fact that some of the broken rock was not picked up by the bucket, the energy consumption of breaking was recalculated breaking a cubic meter of rock in the bucket ,using the loss coefficient I(l .The mean value of this coefficient when h = 15-20 cm was 1.63) .The overall specific energy consumption of the scraper process ,with account for the loss coefficient ,was 0.36-0.56 kWh/m s, according to the nature of the ground.The results of these investigations enable one to draw certain conclmions: the specific energy consumption of working frozen ground with active scraper buckets depends markedly on the thickness of the layer being broken;if the layer worked is sufficiently thick ,such buckets are far more efficient than machines operating on the cutting principle; the specific energy expenditures on filling the bucket with broken rock and on displacing the scraper do not exceed the corresponding values for scrapers working unfrozen ground.When h 10 cm ,only negligible filling of the bucket with broken frozen rock was observed .It will be seen from the curves that the specific energy consumption of filling hardly decreases at all with the thickness of the layer being broken; however, one cannot infer from this that it is more advantageous to fill he bucket by working a thinner layer, because a decrease in h is accompanied simultaneously not only by a decrease in the filling forces but also by a decrease in the filling coefficient Kf (Fig. 2) ,and the bucket is only partly filled. The specific energy consumption on filling the bucket is somewhat higher for grave than for loam; this is also due to the lower values of Kf for gravelly ground.A comparison of the specific energy consumption on filling the bucket with frozen rock and on displacement of the scraper with the analogous in dices VOLVO TOOTH SYSTEMA self-sharpening design with strategically positioned wear material, the new Volvo tooth system offers a vertical locking device and a reinforced area on the heel of the tooth that protects the adapter and guide lugs from early wear. The edge where the adapter meets the tooth is angled, which better resists frontal forces and reduces the risk of the tooth box opening up. The inverted trapezoidal shape of the adapter nose provides a snug fit between the adapter and tooth even when the teeth are well worn. The tap-in/tap-out retainer pin has a reusable steel pin and a smaller, replaceable polyurethane retainer impregnated with carbon dioxide to provide the required elasticity for easy installation and removal.Steel can be formulated to be hard and abrasion resistant or soft and tough. A hard steel wont wear out as quickly, but a hard, quick hit may cause it to crack. Soft steel wears faster but can take shocks without breaking or developing cracks. To cover a wide variety of applications and soil conditions, most manufacturers strike a balance between the two properties. But the best way to know if youve got the right type of steel in your teeth is to observe how they perform over time.For particularly tough, abrasive applications some manufacturers weld carbide strips onto the tooth in high friction areas. These are expensive, and usually make sense only for the large quarries and mines. “Those are really for applications where the customer cant afford the downtime,” Simmons says.But what manufacturers dont recommend is hard facing the teeth yourself. “It will void the warranty if you hard face, and the tooth will probably break,” Yoresen says. The reason is that manufacturers put the carbide wear strips on before the tooth goes through its final heat treating process. The heat generated by welding a finished tooth will ruin the temper of the steel and cause that area to be subject to breakage.And keep in mind that teeth get hot too hot to touch during some operations, especially the teeth on bigger loaders or excavators working in abrasive materials. This can degrade the temper of cheaper steel, so in choosing a tooth design it cant hurt to find out its temperature rating. Tooth breakage is another consideration. “When we talk to our end users their number one concern is tooth breakage,” says Nil Vallve, marketing and operations manager for MTG. And a loose fit between the tooth and the adapter can quickly lead to breakage or damage. “When all the parts are new everything fits tight, but the key to a good tooth system is one that stays tight over time,” he says. To do this the design has to avoid concentrated areas of stress and spread out the impact forces and mating surfaces to as wide an area as possible.And a broken tooth can sometimes be more than just a problem for that machine. “The costs of a lost tooth can snowball, especially if youre working around any kind of crusher,” Yoresen says. “If you have a big chunk of hard steel like a tooth fall into a $200,000 crusher youre going to damage the motor or other major component.”LITERATURE CITED1. A .N .Zelenin, Principles of Mechanical Breaking of Ground in Russian, Mashinostroenie ,Moscow (1968).2. K .A .Artemev ,Principles of the Theory of Scraper Excavation in Russian, Mashgiz ,Moscow (1963).外文2V. LAZI, M. MUTAVDI, D. MILOSAVLJEVI,S. ALEKSANDROVI, B. NEDELJKOVI,P. MARINKOVI, R. UKISelection of the Most Appropriate Technology of Reparatory Hard Facing of Working Parts on Universal Construction MachineryThe aim of this work is to analyse the possibility to increase the service life of working parts on construction machinery exposed to intensive wear, such as steel blades of the rotary device for roadside vegetation maintenance and grass cutting. A special attention is paid to characteristic working conditions and complex wear mechanisms. In order to select the most appropriate reparation technology, both model and real investigations were conducted. The aim of the model investigations was to select the most appropriate procedure, filler materials and hard facing technology. Worn cutting edges of the blades were hard faced and sharpened by grinding to the shape and dimensions of new blades. Then, both new and repaired blades were alternately mounted on the rotor of the machine. Their wear was monitored under the same working and weather conditions. The repaired blades have proven more resistant to wear than the new ones, which is due to better properties of the hard faced layers.中文译文1在冻土环境下工作对铲运机铲斗的侵害伊万诺夫 UDC 621. 876. 6:624.13 9为了确定使用主动刮刀在冻土上工作时的有效性，我们对标准的天然冻土进行了实地调查，为了这个目的，我们在冲击能量分别为100千克的两个气动锤的底部设计并制作了一个实验铲斗；铲斗是被安装在一个由液压控制的、标准的刮刀上。这个测试程序提供了用于诱导应力和压缩空气消耗的记录。实验是在含砾的粘土和壤土里面进行的，实验时土壤温度据调查在-2C0120C0之间。为了描述铲运机的运行效率，我们采用了一个合适的指数，就是破冻土消耗的能源的总和，这是当铲斗内装满土时,移刮板时的能源消耗。能源消耗的影响打破了地面组成的具体的转变工作状态的能源消耗压缩空气上的能源消耗，这是能耗从N至其强度i 的转变。地面的断裂强度是由某一领域确定的以下公式决定的。分别来看F1和FK的位置，在转折点的开始的横截面领域和F-I曲线的尾部，是在该领域的工作机构的速度。换挡工作部件具体的能源消耗是由以下的公式确定的。 在pH值为水平分量的破岩部位和斗齿的工作部位，F是决定断裂路径的横截面面积的主要因素。压缩空气的具体的能源消耗是指Patm超过压缩空气压力的部分。Q是压缩空气的平均消耗图。（3）是压缩空气的消耗在自由空气条件下的表达形式。 其中T是空气在开尔文级别下的绝对温度，P0是温度在T =15C的空气压力，T0是绝对温度，并且Patm.a是绝对的空气压力。图1是一个有计划的厚度层被打破的具体能源消耗的各种约束条件，它可以看到打破冻土时最低的能源消耗，可取的工作层厚度大于15厘米，由于能源消耗远大于更薄层，表1给出了具体的打破冻土的能源消耗，这里理想的工作层厚度大于15厘米，因为更薄的层能量消耗比其更大。通过表1给出的破冻土具体的能源消耗，得到了15-20厘米层厚度；而且A .N .Zelenin也给出了在- 5-7负荷的影响下打破冻结壤土的实验数据，每100千克米的冲击能量，在相同的条件下进行 1 。可以看出，在打破一种主动式铲运机铲斗时比由实心楔板分裂的能源消耗低（它们是由较少的4倍于冲击能量A =100千克米的一个因素，而另一个因素为1.5-2.0对于A= 1000千克米）。这表明，使用主动式铲运机铲斗是破冻土的一种有效的方式。具体的能源消耗在用碎冻岩填充满铲斗在确定力沿填充铲斗的岩石的路径变化确定的，这种可能性依赖于图0.2绘制的图形。可以看出，该铲斗填充力随层厚度的增加呈现抛物线规律。此外，这些曲线还给出了铲斗的填充系数，由这些实验还得到了kf。根据公式确定装满铲斗的具体能源消耗Ef，然后像移动汽车一样移动铲运机，得到可以写入的一般形式Em，其中K是岩石的松动系数。q是在铲斗中的岩石的体积，代入公式。（5）是铲斗灌装的力量（图0.2）以置换沿填充路径刮板所需的牵引力的平均值Pd（实验中是920-1070千克），我们得到不同的Ef的和Gd值在各种不同的制动条件下（图0.3）。当h小于10厘米，破冻岩斗只有微不足道的填充可以被观察到。它将从几乎不降低得填充的具体能源消耗的所有的层被破坏的厚度曲线看出来；然而，从这一点，更有利的推断是可以通过加工更薄的层，来填充铲斗，因为在h的降低时不仅是填充力的降低，而且同时伴随着填充系数Kf的减少（见图2 ），以及只有部分铲斗装满。在装铲斗时，砾石的具体能源消耗比壤土的高；这也是由于KF对砂砾地面的应用价值低的原因，具体的能源消费对填充冰冻岩石和刮板与类似指数解冻岩石位移桶的比较，这是由Artemev得出的结论 2 ，表明，它们几乎是相同的，虽然以填补岩石铲斗所需的特定的能量消耗即使稍微比冷冻岩石少；这显然是归因于在后者的情况下，减少了摩擦的原因。鉴于这一事实，即一些碎石是不能被铲斗拾起，能源消耗被打破是在1立方米的岩石铲斗中，使用该损失系数I（这个系数的平均值为1.63，H =15-20厘米）。根据地面的性质，刮削过程的总单位能耗，与账户的损失系数，是0.36-0.56千瓦/米每秒。这些调查结果使人们能够得出某些结论：在冻土上工作时主动刮板铲斗的具体能源消耗明显取决于厚度层的结论已经被打破；如果工作层足够厚，这样的铲斗远比在切削原理上运行的机器更有效；填充破碎岩石挖斗和斗上移动所述刮板的能量支出不超过相应的值在刮板工作的解冻地面上。当h=10厘米，只有微不足道填补铲斗断冻结岩石观察。这将是从该曲线的具体能源节能消费填补几乎跌幅在所有的厚度层被打破，