语言学第四章ppt课件

Chapter4 By J W 1 Whatissyntax Syntaxisabranchoflinguisticsthatstudiestherulesthatgoverntheformationofsentences Sentence Asetofwordsexpressingastatement aquestionoranorder usuallycontainingasubjectandaverb X ford 2 Whatisphrasestucturerule Thespecialtypeofgrammaticalmechanismthatregulatesthearrangementofelementsthatmakeupaphraseiscalledaphrasestucturerule ThephrasestuctureruleforNP VP AP andpp NP Det N PP theprettygirlVP Qual V NP oftendreamadreamAP Deg A PP verycarefulaboutyouPP Deg P PP inthemiddleoftheriver 3 Whatiscategory Howtodetermineaword scategory Categoryreferstoagroupoflinguisticitemswhichfulfillthesameorsimilarfunctionsinaparticularlanguagesuchasasentence anounphraseoraverb Wordlevelcategoriesaredividedintotwokinds majorlexicalcategories Noun verb Adjective Prepositon minorlexicalcategories Determiner Degreeewords Qualifier Auxiliary Conjunction Todetermineaword scategory threecriteriaareusuallyemployed namely meaning inflectionanddistribution 4 Whatiscoordinatestructureandwhatpropertiesdoesithave Somestructuresareformedbyjoiningtwoormoreelementsofthesametypewiththehelpofaconjunctionsuchasandoror Suchphrasesarecalledcoordinatestructures Coordinationexhibitsthefollowforimportantproperties Thereisnolimitonthenumberofcoordinatedcategoriesthatcanappearpriortotheconjunction Acategoryatanylevelcanbeccoordinated Coordinatedcategoriesmustbeofthesametype Thecategorytypeofthecoordinatephraseisidenticaltothecategorytypeoftheelementsbeingconjoined 5 Whatelementsdoesaphrasecontainandwhatroledoeseachelementplay Syntacticunitsthatarebuiltaroundacertainwordcategoryarecalledphrases Aphrasecancontainspecifiers head complementsandModifiers Specifiers Thewordsontheleftsideoftheheadsaresaidtofunctionasspecifiers Head Thewordaroundwhichaphraseisformedistermedhead Complement Thewordsontherightsideoftheheadsarecomplements Modifiers whichspecifiesoptionallyexpressiblepropertiesofhead xp spec Mod X Complement Mod TheExpandedXPrule 6 Whatisdeepstructureandwhatissurfacestructure FormedbytheXPruleinaccordancewiththehead ssubcategorizationproperties iscalleddeepstructure orD structure Correspondingtothefinalsyntacticformofthesentencewhichresultsfromappreopriatetransformationsiscalledsurfacestructure orS structure 7 Indicattethecategoryofeachwordinthefollowingsentences Theoldladygotoffthebuscarefully Thecarsuddenlycrashedontotheriverbank Theblindingsnowstormmightdelaytheopeningoftheschools Thisclothfeelsquitesoft Det Adj N V PDet N Adv Det N Adv V PDet Adj N Det Adj N AuxV PAdjPDetN Det N V DegAdj 8 Thefollowingphrasesincludeahead acomplement andinsomecasesaspecifier Drawtheappropriatetreestructureforeachphrase a richinminerals b oftenreaddetectivestories c theargumentagainsttheproposalsd alreadyabovethewindow a richinminerals VPN PP VP richinminerals complement head xp Specifier X complement b oftenreaddetectivestories Deg V AdjN VP NP xp Specifier X complement b oftenreaddetectivestories head c theargumentagainsttheproposals DetNVDetN NP NP VP c theargumentagainsttheproposals xp Specifier X complement head d alreadyabovethewindow APDetN NP PP d alreadyabovethewindow xp Specifier X complement head 9 Thefollowingsentencescontainmodifiersofvarioustypes Foreachsentence firstidentifythemodifier s thendrawthetreestructures Acrippledpassengerlandedtheairplanewithextremecaution Ahugemoonhungintheblacksky Themanexaminedhiscarcarefullyyesterday Awoodenhutnearthelakecallapsedinthestorm Acrippledpassengerlandedtheairplanewithextremecaution Det AdjNVDetNpAdj N NP NP NP PP VP S Mod Mod NP VP CP C Infl Pst Ahugemoonhungintheblacksky DetAdjNVPDetAdjN Mod Mod NP PP NP VP S Infl NonPst CP C Themanexaminedhiscarcarefullyyesterday DetNVDetNAdvAdv NP NP VP VP S Infl Pst Mod Mod Awoodenhutnearthelakecallapsedinthestorm DetAdjNPDetNVPDetN NP PP VP NP NP PP NP S Infl Pst Mod 10 Thefollowingsentencesallcontainconjinedcategories Drawatreestructureforeachofthesentences Jimhaswashedthedirtyshirtsandpants Helenputonherclothesandwentout Maryisfondofliteraturebuttiredofstatistics NInflVDetAdjNPN Jimhaswashedthedirtyshirtsandpants PP NP VP NP S CP C NVPDetNCVAdv b Helenputonherclothesandwentout NP PP VP NP S VP CP C NP N S CP Infl Pst Infl NonPst NInflVPNCVPN c Maryisfondofliteraturebuttiredofstatistics NP NP VP S VP PN S cp Infl Pst cp C 11 Thefollowingsentencesallcontainembeddedclausesthatfunctionascomplementsofaverb anadjective aprepositionoranoun Drawatreestructureforeachsentence YouknowthatIhatewar GerrybelievesthefactthatAnnaflunkedtheEnglishexam ChriswashappythathisfatherboughthimaRoll Royce Thechildrenarguedoverwhetherbatshadwings NVCNVN YouknowthatIhatewar VP NP NP VP S NP VP CP S CP C Infl Infl NonPst NonPst NVDetNCNVDetAdjN GerrybelievesthefactthatAnnaflunkedtheEnglishexam NP VP NP S CP NP NP VP S CP C Infl Infl NonPst Pst NvAdjCDetNVNDetN ChriswashappythathisfatherboughthimaRoll Royce NP NP VP NP S VP VP S CP CP C Pst Infl Infl Pst DetNVPCNVN Thechildrenarguedoverwhetherbatshadwings NP VP S VP NP S CP CP C Infl Pst Infl Pst PP 12 Eachofthefollowingsentencescontainsarelativeclause Drawthedeepstructureandthesurfacestructreforeachofthesesentences TheessaythathewrotewasexcellentHerbertboughtahousethatshelovedThegirlwhomheadoresmajorsinlinguistics DetNCDetVVAdj Theessaythathewrotewasexcellent VP NP S NP S CP CP C VP NVDetNNNV Herbertboughtahousethatsheloved NP VP NP VP S NP VP NP N e S CP C NP CP C Infl Pst Infl Pst DetNNNVVPN Thegirlwhomheadoresmajorsinlinguistics PP C NP NP vp e C S CP S CP vp Infl NonPst Infl NonPst 13 Thederivationsofthefollowingsentencesinvolvetheinversiontransformation Givethedeepstructureandthesurfacestructureofeachsentence Wouldyoucometomorrow WhatdidHelenbringtotheparty Whobrokethewindow AuNVA