托福写作ppt课件

独立写作框架 一边倒式 个人观点 reason1 reason2 reason 3 conclusion让步式 个人观点 reason1 reason2 让步段 conclusion 开头段 introductionskill Introductionskill1 Makingaconcession QuestionDoyouagreeordisagreewiththefollowingstatement Itismoreimportantforateachertohelpstudentsgainself confidencethantoteachthemspecificknowledge Sample Introduction Step1 Undoubtedly ateacher smainresponsibilityistoteachsomeusefulknowledgetohisorherstudents Afterall thatiswhyourschoolsareestablishedandhowoureducationalsystemsaredesigned Step2 对前面的论点虚弱However therearesomeotherandperhapsmoreimportantfunctionsofeducation Step3 Inmyopinion helpingstudentstogainconfidenceinthemselvesisamoresignificanttaskforeveryteacherthanmerelygivingthemallsortsofknowledge ThreeSteps 1 认可对立面观点的正确性 1 2句话 Undoubtedly ateacher smainresponsibilityistoteachknowledge 2 用转折词进行过渡However Nevertheless 3 给出己方鲜明的观点Helpingstudentstogainconfidenceis PracticeQuestion Doyouagreeordisagreewiththefollowingstatement Forfuturecareersuccess itismoreimportanttorelatewelltootherpeoplethantostudyhardinschool Undoubtedly itissignificantforstudentstostudyhardinschool Afterall learningknowledgefromtextbookistheirownduty Nevertheless therearesomeotherandmorevitalskillstheyaresupposedtolearn AsfarasIamabletoconcerned whatismoreessentialistogetalongwellwiththeothers Layafoundationintheircareer Introductionskill2 Describingaphenomenon QuestionDoyouagreeordisagreewiththefollowingstatement Peoplewithdifferentinterestsandpersonalitiescannotbefriends Sample Introduction Step1 Inmodernsociety 放大 用于具体的话题 像抽象 名称不可以socialactivityhasbecomeavitalpartinourstudy workandlife Step2 Thus makingmanyfriendsisanagreeableresultofthisphenomenon Interestingly Ialwaysexperiencealotoffunfrommydearfriendsbecauseweoftendiscussdifferentthingsandsharedisparatehobbies 自己 名人 名言 Step3 Clearly itisquitereasonablethatpeoplewithdifferentinterestsandpersonalitiesaremorelikelytobecomefriends ThreeSteps 1 放大话题 引出现象 1句话 Makingfriends havingsocialactivity2 用现象联系题目 1 2句话 3 亮出观点 明确表明立场 1句话 Peoplewhoaredifferentcanbefriends Introductionskill3 Expressingyourviews QuestionDoyouagreeordisagreewiththefollowingstatement Itismoreimportanttoachievesuccessthantoremainhappyandoptimisticwhenyoufail Sample Introduction Inmodernsociety successhasbecomeabuzzwordinalmosteveryareaoflifeasmoreandmoreyoungpeopleareaspiringtoachievegreatsuccessandprovetheirworthintheirchosenfields Viewexpression Frommypointofview althoughitisimportanttosetuptargetsandachievethemstepbystep theabilitytostaycheerfulandhopefulandnottobedauntedbytemporarysetbacksandfailuresisperhapsofgreatersignificance 同义词 近义词 词性转换 success succeed happy cheerful remainoptimistic keepuphighspirits改换句式结构 benotdauntedbyfailures MainBodySkill1 Argumentation 议论文是对某个问题或某件事进行分析来表明自己的观点的一种文体 通常为了使得该文体特征更加突出 就要求写作的风格精炼有条理怎样使写作更有条理呢 逻辑顺序词 表达议论文中论证逻辑的先后顺序 作用信号词 表达议论文中论证逻辑的目的作用 程度修饰词 增加议论文中论证逻辑的严密合理性 逻辑顺序词 SequenceFirst Firstly Initially Inthefirstplace Tobeginwith Tostartwith Second Secondly Next Then Inthesecondplace Third Thirdly Lastly Finally Eventually CausalrelationshipSo Accordingly Asaresult xxx Therefore Consequently Hence xxx ConclusionInaword Inconclusion Inbrief xxx Inshort Insummary Tosumup xxx Onthewhole Tosummarize xxx 作用信号词 GiveanexampleForexample instance Take asexample Considerthissituation case MakeananalogySimilarly Likewise Equally DisplayaturnIncontrast Onthecontrary Instead Conversely However Nevertheless Unfortunately furtherexplanationThatis Tostateitmoreclearly Thatistosay ShowemphasisInparticular Especially Indeed xxx Apparently Ofcourse Clearly xxx Obviously Infact Afterall xxx 程度修饰词 weakenpresumably probably possibly mayPerhaps Maybexxx bemore lesslikelytodosthmostly nearly almost mostof mostmainly occasionally generally commonlystrengthentotally absolutely entirelythoroughly completely fullyundoubtedly exactly definitelyextremely exhaustively mustnever bynomeans nolonger Question Doyouagreeordisagreewiththefollowingstatement Peoplebuythingsnotbecausetheyneedbutbecauseothershave Sample Mainbody Obviously peoplemaybuythingsoutofthelackofsenseofcommunitybelonging alsocalled followthecrowd Considerthesituation yourcolleaguesandfriendsallbuytheX box butyoudon tlikegames soyouhavenodesireforagamemachine Unfortunately whenyouarewithyourfriendsandcolleagues thesepeoplearoundyouarealwaystalkingaboutit theX box andthenyoufeelthatyou vebeenshutout Underthissituation willyoubuyoneinordertoreintegrateintotheenvironment Iwill Maybeyoudon tneedtheproduct butit sverypossibleforyoutobuyitifotherpeoplehaveone becauseitcouldbeabridgeofcommunication thecommontopic betweenyouandothers MainBodySkill2 Givingexamples 议论文中最常见的论证手法是列举 确凿 充分 或有代表性的事例来证明论点 ExamplePatternsPersonalexperience个人的例子 家人 朋友Describingcelebrities名人的例子 更有说服力不要掺杂个人感情色彩 要 PersonalExperience Typerealexperience ensureitsrelevancefictionalexperience promiseitsrationalityCautionDonotdevelopyourexperienceslowly不要打流水帐 Question Doyouagreeordisagreewiththefollowingstatement Governmentshouldspendmoremoneyonartsorartiststhanspaceexploration 京剧 外出表演 提升中国文化影响力 Sample Personalexperience step1 Atthestartofcareer artistsneedgovernmentalpatronageforsurvival step2 Forexample afriendofmine Peterwhoprettylovesmakingsculptures didnotfightforhisdreamofbeingagreatartistuntilhesucceededtoapplythegovernmentalfinancialassistancethatallowedhimtobuymanyrequisite必要的toolsandbooksforsculpture step3 Ofcourse itistruethatwithoutpaidfromsellingworks artistscanbeconsideredunemployed Therefore tosatisfythebasicneedforsurvival governmentoughttooffermorefinancialhelptoartists ThreeSteps 1 明确论点Agree Atthestartofcareer artistsneedgovernmentalpatronageforsurvival 2 选择案例类型 personalexperience 3 案例联系论点 重述论点 Accordingtothiscase wecanclearlyunderstandtheimportanceofgovernmenttoartists Describingcelebrities CautionDonotlistirrelevantinformationaboutthecelebrity 不要写该名人与本文不相干Donotover showyouradorationtothecelebrity不要掺杂个人感情 要以客观的角度例子只要能说明自己的点就好 汉语作文的例子教育 成功 自己搜媒体等用自己的例子 Sample Describingcelebrities step1 Governmentcandeveloptourismthroughsponsoringartists step2 Forinstance intheperiodofrenaissance MediciFamilythatdominatedFlorencesponsoredmanyartistssuchasLeonardodaVinci Thankstoitspatronage LeonardodaVincicouldcreate TheLastSupper thatattractmillionsofvisitorstoItalyandthatprovidehugefinancialbenefitstoitsgovernment step3 Therefore spendingmoremoneyonartisaninsightfulstrategynotonlyforartiststhemselvesbutalsoforthenationaleconomy 时代问题与个人介绍不要多写 MainBodySkill3 Showingcontrast ComparisonPatterns对比论证 特征 作用正反论证 用优点对比缺点a的优势对比b的缺点 在正反论证时可以插入例子双正论证 对比两个的正面特征 a的优势对比b的优势 a在某些情况下在这方面更重要QuestionDoyouagreeordisagreewiththefollowingstatement Theinfluencefromclassmatesismoreimportantthanthatfromparents Sample 正反论证 逻辑性 可以写更多 想到两方面的优点和缺点 step1 Theinfluencefromclassmatesismorepositivethanthatfromparents step2 Thatis whenwestudywithourclassmates wealwaysbuildfriendship Wealwayshelpwitheachotheronsolvingacademicproblemsaswellasonsocialactivity Inthissituation wegainconfidenceandfeelhappyifclassmatesappreciateourassistance Onthecontrary incontrast indailylife manyparentswhohavebadhabitssuchassmokinganddirtywordsmaketheirinnocentchildreninadvertentlypickupthem step3 Asaresult classmatesprovidebetterenvironmentthanparents 在正反论证时可以插入例子 ThreeSteps 1 明确论点Agree Theinfluencefromclassmatesismorepositivethanthatfromparents 2 选择对比论证类型 正反论证 influencefromclassmates friendshipinfluencefromparents badhabits3 案例联系论点 重述论点 Classmatesprovidebetterenvironmentthanparents Sample 双正论证 step1 Theinfluencefromparentsoftenmaydetermineschildren sfuture step2 Asweallknow beforeacceptingeducationinschool childrendefinitelylearnmanythingsfromparents whichmaydeterminethefutureoftheirchildren Tostateitmoreclearly ifparentsalwayswatchfootballmatcheswhentheirchildrenarepresent thoselittleboysorgirlsaremorelikelytogeneratecuriosityandtheninterestinfootball Consequently theyoftenwanttobeprofessionalplayers Incontrast ourclassmatesdoinfluenceusinmanyaspectsthroughfriendship suchasimprovingteamspiritandsenseofresponsibility butsuchgainscannotleadaclearcareerinclination step3 Afterall parentsarechildren sfirstandmostimportantguider 注意对比时比例 主要观点要详细清楚 只能举要论证方的例子 ThreeSteps 1 明确论点Disagree Theinfluencefromparentsoftendetermineschildren sfuture 2 选择对比论证类型 双正论证 influencefromparents interestandcareerinfluencefromclassmates friendship3 案例联系论点 重述论点 Afterall parentsarechildren sfirstandmostimportantguider MainBodySkill4 Usingdata DataElementsSourceofdata Makesuretheexistenceofsourceofdata Sumofsample Makesureenoughnumberofinvolvedsamples Labelsampleswithconditions random specific age20 30 gender性别 job 样本的量Durationofresearch survey orvote 持续的时间Relevanceofcontent Makesurethefinaldatayoucitefollowyourargument 内容的相关性 编写数据例证时常用的机构 组织的名称 Environmentalprotectionagency环保局departmentofpublichealth卫生厅食品安全MinistryofEducation教育部HumanresourceDepartment人力资源部工作问题Trafficdepartment交通局FoodSafetyAdministration食品安全局 TIME science U S News WorldReport BusinessWeek Forbes Newsweek Nature TheEconomist Vogue Doyouagreeordisagreewiththefollowingstatement Youngpeopleenjoylifebetterthanolderpeople step1 Youngpeoplenowexperiencemanymorepatternsofentertainment step2 Accordingtoa3 monthssurveyconductedbyVogue among10 000youngpeopleand10 000oldones over70 oftheinvolvedyoungexperiencenearly50waysofdiversionwhileover80 oftheinvolvedoldcanonlylist10patternsofentertainment step3 重新联系论点Thatistosay theyoungalwaysownmorechoicesandthenaremorelikelytogetmorefunfromnewtypesofdiversion Thus itistruethattheyoung slifeismuchmorewonderful 最适宜用在今夕对比要先找一个对比点比如食品安全可以说生病人数 ThreeSteps 1 明确论点Agree Youngpeoplenowexperiencemanymorepatternsofentertainment 2 确定引用论证的四要素Source Vogue Sample 10 000youngand10 000oldDuration 3monthsRelevance over70 youngexperiencenearly50waysofdiversionwhileover80 oldcanonlylist10patternsofentertainment3 数据联系论点 重述论点 Thus itistruethattheyoung slifeismuchmorewonderful Itwaseasiertoidentifywhatjobsorcareersweresecureandsuccessfulinthepastthanitisnow Thedefinationofsucessfuljobsbecomesdiverseinnowadays Aquestionnairewhichlastshalfayear持续时间aboutchoosinganidealjob调查主旨 可加可不加 conductedbyCareerServiceCenterinChinahassurveyed样本twogroupsofpeoplewiththefirstattheageof50andaboveandthesecondagedfrom20to30 Accordingtotheabovesurvey 32 5 ofthefirstgrouprespectivelychoosetheoptionofcivilservantsandteachers Onthecontrary 72 4 ofthesecondgroupchooseotheroccupationssuchassingers freelancewritersandsoon Thedifferenceinthetwogroupsoffiguresliesinthetransitionofpeople sattitudeofchoosingajob当想不到例子时 MainBodySkill5 Makinggeneralizations Parallelism平行结构列举事实或现象来证明观点 一般3个现象 现象不同但都是反映该观点 Similarsyntacticpatternsrepetition相似句式结构的重复 Identicalgrammaticalrepetition相似语法重复 Logicalsimilarityofthethought思维逻辑 比如先说原因 再写结果3句都用这种 UsingsemicolontolistParallelism question Doyouagreeordisagreewiththefollowingstatement Itisbettertospendmoneyonsomethingthatlastsforalongtime suchasexpensivepieceofjewelry oronsomethingthatprovidesashort termpleasuresuchasvacation Sample step1 Spendingmoneyonsomethinglastinglongerpromisesfuturebenefits step2 Tostateitmoreclearly parentstendtobuyahousebecauseitisasafeplacenotonlyforthemselvesbutalsoforfuturegenerations investorstendtospendmoneyongoldbecauseitcanbethehedgeagainstinflation Collectorstendtoownantiquesatthecostofmillionsofdollarsbecausethoseantiquesdefinitelyappreciate增值withthesheerpassageoftime随着时间的流逝 step3 Therefore accordingtothesefutureprofitsImentionedabove itisbettertopurchasethoseitemsthatcanlastforalongtime 具有层次感论据有说服力 ThreeSteps 1 明确论点Agree Spendingmoneyonsomethinglastinglongerpromisesfuturebenefits 2 确定相似点及相关事实现象Similarity buysomething promisefuturebenefitsFactsandphenomenon buyahouse asafeplaceforgenerationsFactsandphenomenon buygold hedgeagainstFactsandphenomenon buyantiques theirpriceswillappreciate3 案例联系论点 重述论点 Therefore accordingtothesefutureprofitsImentionedabove itisbettertopurchasethoseitemsthatcanlastforalongtime MainBodySkill6 UsingCausalRelationships缺乏细节和实证 太理论 不推荐用 TosupportargumentA B C D A Causalrelationshipexpression 因果逻辑词 句子A原因句 句子B结果句 BecauseA B SinceA B AsA B B forA BinthatA 因果逻辑词 名词短语A 句子B BecauseofA B DuetoA B OwingtoA B ThankstoA B 句子A 因果逻辑词 句子B A Thus Therefore Consequently Asaresult So因此 B Doyouagreeordisagreewiththefollowingstatement Theonlyeffectivewaytosaveenergyisincreasingthepricesofgasolineandelectricity开发新型能源开发节能产品 step1 Higherpriceforcespeopletogiveup step2 Asweallknow slothisoneofthesevensins七宗罪ingrained根深蒂固的inhumannature Thus itiscertainthatpeopleliketogetbenefitswithoutefforts aproblematicpsychologicalstatecalled freelunchinclination Asaresult ifthegovernmentincreasesthepriceofenergiesthatiswidelyacceptedbythefree lunchpeople theyaremorelikelytobereluctantto do thisnewpolicy findothercheapersubstitutes andthenreducetheoveruseofgasolineandelectricityexceptindispensibleamountforsurvival step3 Con