2015名词性从句笔记.doc

名词性从句笔记宾语从句一 位置1位于及物动词后基本结构: 主句主语+ vt +宾语从句Eg. I believe that we will win this match. 2 位于介词后基本结构: 主句主语+ vi + 介词+宾语从句Eg. He knew nothing about what she had done. 3 部分形容词后基本结构: 主句主语+be adj +宾语从句Eg. I am glad that I can meet all of you here. Eg. He is not sure what he ought to do. Eg. I am surprised that you havent seen her before. 二 引导词1that 使用的两个条件宾语从句的语法结构完整，不缺句子成分宾语从句的句子意思确定， 无未定因素Eg. I dont doubt that he will help us. 注意： Do you doubt that he will keep his promise? 注意：that在正式英语中一般不能省略，尤其是以下情况。1）except thatEg. I know nothing about him except that he is from Jiangmen. 2) Everyone can see that she has lost the game and that her parents are disappointed.2Whether 使用的两个条件宾语从句的语法结构完整，不缺句子成分宾语从句的句子意思不确定， 必须含有“是否”等不定因素。Eg. I doubt whether he will help us. Eg. The result of the exam will depend on whether he works hard or not. 3引导代词 引导代词可以在宾语从句中充当主语，宾语，表语，定语。What, who, whom, which, whose,Whatever, whoever, whomever等1) What 在宾语从句中充当主语，宾语，表语Eg. She told him what had happened. 主语Eg. He wrote down what he had seen. 宾语Eg. She knows what the most important thing is to her. 表语2) who在宾语从句中充当主语，宾语, 表语Eg. She doesnt know who can help her at this moment. 主语Eg. She has no idea who/whom she can trust now. 宾语Eg. She wants to find out who the visitors are. 表语3) whom在宾语从句中充当宾语, 表语Eg. She needs to understand whom she can trust.Eg. Difficult time always show us whom our best friends are. 4) which 在宾语从句中充当定语Eg. I want to find out which book I should choose. 5) whose在宾语从句中充当定语Eg. She asked me whose book it was. 表示任意性的引导代词6）whatever Eg. I will do whatever I can do to help you. 7 ) whoever Eg. I want to talk with whoever is in charge of the matter. 8) whomever Eg. I dont care whomever she is. 4 引导副词引导副词在宾语从句中充当状语，或表语1) When 时间状语/ 表语Eg. She didnt know when he would arrive. 时间状语Eg. She needs to know when the end of this will be. 表语2) Where地点状语/ 表语Eg. She remembered clearly where they met for the first time. 地点状语Eg. She forgot where her old house was. 表语3) Why原因状语Eg. We have no idea why she left without saying a word. 4) How方式状语，程度状语Eg. People have understood how the animal has disappeared. 方式状语Eg. you have no idea how much I care about you. 程度状语三 语序1. 宾语从句应该用陈述语序（主语+谓语）Eg. She told her parents that she had finished her homework. 2. 以下句子也是陈述语序Eg. She told her parents what she had seen there. 特殊疑问词+主语+ 谓语Eg. She went out to see what was the matter. 主语+ 谓语+表语Eg. She went out to find out what the matter was. 特殊疑问词+主语+ 谓语四 时态1. 主句为一般现在时，从句时态灵活。2. 主句为一般过去时，从句必须用过去时态相呼应，特别是过去完成时。Eg. She asked her classmate what had happened just now. 五 否定转移在believe, consider， expect, fancy, imagine, suppose, think,等动词后面，宾语从句否定词迁移于主句。Eg. I dont think the thing she said is true. 六 省略1. 普通动词Eg. She will win the game. - I think so. - I dont think so. 2. 在 hope, expect, be afraid等词后的回答Eg. It is said that it will rain tomorrow. - I hope so. /- I hope not. 七 虚拟语气1. 在表示 “坚持 insist命令 command, order ，建议advise, suggest, propose，要求ask, require, request, demand”的动词后面，用should表示虚拟语气Eg. He suggested that we should send some doctors to that area. 注意should有时候可以省略Eg. He suggested that more doctors not be sent there as there have been enough. 注意 suggest, insist有不同意思Eg. The smile on his face suggested that he was satisfied with the result. Suggest在此是“表明”的意思Eg. The little girl insisted that she was right and that her parents should apologize.2. wish, would rather 后的宾语从句的虚拟形式不同于上述形式。Eg. She wishes she were a princess.Eg. She wishes she had followed her teachers advice at that time. Eg. She wishes that she were a superwoman when she grows up. 八 形式宾语当宾语从句太长，常用it在原来位置取代宾语从句，把宾语从句放置在最后。1. s.p. make it clear that 表明eg. He has made it clear that he will not give up. 2. s.p. make it a rule that 定为规矩eg. He has made it a rule that he should have a walk after dinner. 3. s.p. believe/consider/feel/find/think it adj that eg. We though it strange that Tom didnt come to the party last night. Eg. I think it necessary that we take plenty of water every day.4. s.p. find/ think it + n + thateg. I feel it a pity that I havent been to the get-together.5. sp. hate it when eg. I hate it when they speak with their mouths full of food. sp. see to it that .确保6. ph. take it for granted that 认为。理所当然eg. She took it for granted that her parents could solve the problem for her.注意：若宾语从句是wh-类，则不可用it代替 Eg. We discovered what we had learned to be valuable. 我们发现我们所学到的东西都是有用的.表语从句一 位置在be/联系动词（look，sound, taste, smell, feel, appear, become, get, grow, go, keep, remain, seem, turn）后面基本结构主句主语+ 联系动词+ 表语从句Eg. It seems that he is pleased with the result.二 引导词1. that 在表语从句中不可以省掉。Eg. The chance is that one smoker in four will die from smoking. 2. whether (不可以使用if)eg. The only problem is whether he will keep his promise. 3. 引导代词Eg. His greatest concern is what she will say at the party. Eg. The biggest problem to us is who can have the time for the task. Eg. The thing that interests me most is which boy will be chosen. 4. 引导副词Eg. You think that economic is the most important but I believe environmental protection should be more important. That is where we disagree.Eg. This is how she won back her customers.Eg. He works hard. Thats why he succeeds in business. (对比) He succeeds in business. Thats because he works hard. 5. as, as if/as thougheg. Things are not always as they seem to be. 事情并不总像表面上看来那样eg. It seems as if he has forgot this. 6. because 引导原因eg. He is late. Thats because it rained heavily. 此句型只能because不能用as, since, for 注意 句型 The reason why is that ( 此处that决不能用because代替) eg. The reason why he succeeds in business is that he works hard. 三 虚拟语气1. 坚持 insistence命令 command, order ，建议advice, suggestion, proposal，要求requirement, request, demand”的名词后面的表语从句，用should表示虚拟语气Eg. His suggestion is that more doctors should be sent to that area. 四 语序表语从句一定要用陈述语序。 False: The question is when can he arrive at the hotel. Right: The question is when he can arrive at the hotel. 五 时态主句时态和从句时态可以不一致。 Eg. The question is who will travel with me to Beijing tomorrow. Eg. The question is why he cried yesterday. 主语从句一 位置一般情况下，主语从句的位置位于主语谓语的前面。连接代词引导主语从句只能放在句首。如；Eg. Who has broken the glass is unknown. Eg. What he wants is all here. 主语从句中主句的谓语动词一般用第三人称单数形式，但what引导主语从句的主句谓语动词的形式须根据句子的意思来判断。 Eg. How he worked it out is still a secret. Eg. What they makes in this factory are TV sets. 二 引导词1.that引导主语从句放在句首时，that不可省2. whether 3.引导代词4.引导副词三 语序主语从句本身必须用陈诉语序。Eg. What he saw last night interests many people. 四 It 做形式主语1. It is adj that Eg. It is obvious that he knows nothing about the matter. Eg. Isnt it strange that he should not have passed the test? 他测试没有通过，难道不奇怪吗？Notes.1) 部分形容词不能用于此句型。Eg. It is certain that he will win.Eg. It is sure that he will win. (wrong)Eg. It is possible/ likely that 2） 但部分形容词表示不确定性， 不能用thatEg. It is uncertain who will be chosen to do the job. 3) It is X that Y结构的判断 如果是强调句型， 则X+Y必须是一个完整的句子，否则便不会是强调句。Eg. It is obvious that he is a good man. obvious 与 he is a good man无论如何无法组成正常的句子。对比正确句子应该是 Obviously, he is a good man. 4) 含有建议，要求，甚至是命令的形容词用于此句型，主语从句用should表示虚拟Eg. It is important/ necessary that we should pay more attention to grammar. 2. It is + n that 常用于此句型的名词有pity, shameEg. It is a pity that you should leave so early. Eg. It is no wonder that she came so late. 3. It vt sb that 大部分能带双宾语的及物动词能用于此句型。Eg. It surprised me that she knows so much about science. 4. It is p.p. that 1) 引述句型s.p. It is said that she is the best singer in the city. = she is said to be the best singer in the city. 能用于这个句型的过去分词有reported/believed/ supposedEg. It is well known that China never invades other countries. 2） It is suggested/ advised/ 表示建议，要求等动词做主句主语Eg. It is suggested that the government should limit the number of cars . 5. It vi that Vi appear/ happen/matter/occur/Seem Eg. it seems that he doesnt care about her. Eg. It happened that his friends were there to offer help. Eg. It doesnt matter what they say. Eg. it occurred to her that her parents were waiting for her at home. 五 虚拟同位语从句朗读材料一 位置 位于少数抽象名词的后面二 先行词（即后面能带同位语从句的少数抽象名词）1. 表示“命令、建议、要求”的名词insistence, command, order, advice, proposal, suggestion , request， requirement，demand2. 表示消息 news, word, information, message, fact, report，story3. 表示问题，疑问Question, problem,doubt, uncertainty, answer, reply4. 表示观点，信念 idea，opinion，belief，thought， reason，promise，impression，explanation, fear，hope, wish，theory, belief，conclusion，truth，Evidence， proof, result,其余Possibility, difficulty，chance, plan三 引导词 同位语从句的引导词与宾语从句，主语从句一样， (不能用if) 绝对不是只用that四 语序和时态 从句用陈述语序。时态一般情况下，主从句的时态应保持一致。担当从句表示的是客观事实或普遍真理时，从句仍然用一般现在时。如：Eg. They were all very much worried over the fact that you were sick对于你生病这件事，他们都很着急。Eg. Magellans mens return from the voyage proved the truth that the earth is round.五 虚拟表示“命令、建议、要求”的名词insistence, command, order advice, proposal, suggestion , request， requirement，demand等后接同位语从句时，从句的谓语要用虚拟语气，既“should