老人与海 读后感 英文毕业论文 英语论文.doc

The Man VS The Fate -The Tragic Art in the Old Man and the SeaOutlineI introductionA This novel reflects Hemingways unique writing style.B Hemingways life experiences have close relationship with his writing style.II The nature of the life is without mercy.A Santiagos life experiences are cruel.B The hard life strengthens the old mans undefeated spirit.III The man combats with the fateA Man is undefeated in spirit.a The undefeated spirit composes experience, confidence, determination, love, tolerance, and love.b The undefeated spirit can minimize the difficulties.B The old mans failure is inevitable.IV The old man and the sea characterizes in Hemingways tragic art.A This novel has thick tragedy color.B Tragic art is Hemingways writing style.C This novel is Hemingways typical tragedy.V Conclusion AbstractThe old man and sea is a famous novel written by Ernest Hemingway, whose work is always full of tragic art. This paper deals with the topic “the man Vs the fate” which reveals Hemingways tragic art: Mans tragic condition is that he is doomed by fate to defeat but his spirit is undefeated. This thesis contains five parts. Part I introduces the main plots of this novel and the relationship between Hemingways life experiences with his writing style. Part II emphasizes his life that is so cruel from poverty loneliness age and the unpredictable fate. In the part III, through the analysis on the war between the undefeated and the fate makes a conclusion that the man is undefeated in spirit although he is destroyed completely in reality. The tragic art is discussed in part IV. Key words:Tragic; undefeated; the old man; Hemingway; fate 摘要老人与海是海明威的短篇小说，作者以悲剧写作手法而著名。本文通过展示“人与命运”的抗争来说明海明威的悲剧艺术：虽然人类悲剧的形成是命运安排的，但是人类的精神是不会被摧毁的。本文分为5个部分。第一部分介绍了小说的主要内容以及海明威生活经历与写作手法形成之间的关系。第二部分重点介绍他穷困潦倒的生活，年龄以及未知的命运。第三部分，通过分析命运与硬汉精神，得出结论，即使会摧残人的肉体，但战胜不了人类的精神。第四部分通过小说中海明威的悲剧艺术讨论悲剧写作手法。关键词： 悲剧，不可战胜，老人，海明威，命运Part I. IntroductionThe old man and the sea is a famous novel written by Ernest Hemingway, published in 1952, which describes an old fisherman Santiago has not caught anything for eighty-four days. To save his career and dignity, he goes far out the sea to quest for the great fish. He endures a great struggle with an uncommonly large and noble marlin and loses the fish to the rapacious shark on his way back. The novel honors the old mans extraordinary perseverance and his strong determination meanwhile reveals the writers tragic emotion: man can not avoid the failure in the combat with the nature. The victory is only in the optimistic imagination; on the contrary the tragedy is the real ending. The old man and the sea also reflects Hemingways self-contradict thought. One is the negative pessimism the other is never defeated “dauntless” spirit. The famous dauntless man declaration: “a man can be destroyed but not defeated” exactly reflects the dual character. These two opposite thought always appear simultaneously in Hemingways novel. This unique writing style has close relationship with Hemingways life experiences.Hemingway, a legendary writer, peerless war correspondent, avid sportsman and suicide at age of sixty-one live in a life profound in its accomplishment and tragic in its personal implication. In his boyhood, he preferred accompanying his father on hunting and fishing trips. The live of out door adventure would be reflected in many Hemingways stories. His aptitude for physical challenging remained with him through high school, where he both played football and boxed. Numerous boxing matches give permanent eye damage, also provides more material for his stories, as well as a likening his literature feats to boxing victories. He has participated in World War II, as an ambulance driver for American Red Cross in Italy, where in the summer of 1918 he was badly wounded in both legs. When he was distributing chocolates for Italian soldiers, mortar shell fragments hit him; twenty-eight fragments were residual in his body. That day was only two weeks to his 19th birthday.For a writer, the experience of war is very valuable but too much is harmful. Insomnia was the direct result from his mentally damage in this accident. He lost asleep all night, even five years later, living with his wife in Pairs, he could not fall asleep unless turn the lamp on. Throughout his life, he took the job as war correspondent several times, suffered the cerebral ten odds times and divorce three times. In 1928 his father committed suicide. In 1960, the aged Hemingway moved to Ketchum, Idaho, where he was hospitalized for uncontrolled high blood pressure, liver disease, diabetes, and depression. He had ever suffered the electrotherapy to treat depressions. On July 2, 1961, he died of self-inflict gunshot wounds. The cruel life experiences enable Hemingway to understand the nature of the life is without mercy as well as give a full expression of the life.Hemingways legendary experiences determine his writing style and his experiences was determined by the society. He can be dauntless but cannot prevent the World War II that influenced his whole life to break out. Society is beyond the dauntless man control. His novels are the products of his period.Part II. The nature of the life is without mercySantiago, the protagonist in the old man and the sea, is an incarnation of the Hemingway. He is dauntless, staunch also suffering the cruel life. Poverty: he lives in a shack. “The shack was made of the tough bud shields of the royal palm, which are called guano and in it there was a bed, a table, one chair, and a place on the dirty floor to cook with charcoal.”(Page 7, line 23). There is not even a lamp or a decent pillow. He should eat without light and roll his trousers up to make a pillow, putting the newspaper inside them. Without taking a fish in eighty-four days adds to the misfortune of the old man who is already misfortunate. He lost the source of income, only the little boy Manolin, provides the old man with food and bait when he needs for it. Loneliness: his wife died. Other fisherman makes fun of him for his bad luck. His only friend and compassion Manolin used to go out sea with him, but the little boy was forced to leave him for his parents objected to Santiagos bad luck. He goes far out the sea alone, struggles with the uncommonly large marlin alone, fights with the rapacious shark alone. He speaks to the bird, to his fish, and to the parts of his own body, his hand and his heel. He shouts more than once: “I wish I had the boy.” Nobody should be alone in his old age. Age: nobody could avoid growing old, but Santiagos twilight years are extraordinarily miserable. “The old man was thin and gaunt with deep wrinkles in the back of his neck. The brown blotches of he benevolent skin cancer the sun brings from its reflection on the tropics sea were on his cheeks. The blotches ran well down the side of his face and his hand had the deep-crease scars from handling heavy fish on the cords. But none of these scars were fresh.”(Page1, line 15-page2, line 6). This is the relic of the hard life. He must work hard continually even harder several times than before to sustain his life with just enough food and clothing because the loss of strength on the certain level increases the amount of the work. In the battle with the great marlin, his hand cramps and the ach spreads every inch of his body. Only the lion appears in his dream, which is the past vigor. Unpredictable fate: the bad luck makes the expert fisherman without a fish in eighty-four days. So he must go far out the sea to catch a great fish to demonstrate himself. In the distant seas, the shark is not an accident. The bad luck had already predestined the failure ending. What is the bad lucks essence? It is fate. Nobody knows when the bad luck falls and who the victim is. The unpredictable fate winds the old man round his finger.Santiago is the undertaker and witness of hardship catastrophe of the human being. Under the heavy pressure the problem is being simple: live or dead. To live the brave heart is necessary. Santiagos undefeated spirit is strengthened consistently by the hard life. Because the sense of survival is humans instinctive character. The social environment influences Hemingways life. The hard life casts Santiagos undefeated spirit.Part III. The man combats with the fateThe man is undefeated in spirit. The undefeated spirit as Santiagos great achievement in his life composes experiences, confidence, determination, love, tolerance, and humility. All these elements are interrelated and interact on each other. They support the old man together to stand the ordeal.Experiences confidence and determination: Santiago is an expert fisherman. He can find the spring fish through the plankton and eagle. Among the lines he consciously puts out at varying depths, and that is skillfully baited on a strong hook. Through the gentle feeling of the lines he knows the marlin is unbelievable heavy also the direction where the marlin goes. Finally he defeats the marlin by the virtual of his experiences. The rich experiences can save the man in the hard situation. It is also the ultimate fountain of the confidence. When he fights with the great marlin he is full of confidence because the rich experiences enable him to consolidate at every step such as controlling the marlins speed. The rich experiences strengthen his confidence, as the same, the confidence brings into full play the experiences of his. His strong self-confidence never allows him to bow to the all kinds of difficulties. The determination, which sustains him to go far out the sea after eighty-four days without a fish and make unremitting effort in the lasting and arduous struggle with the great marlin, arises there from. This unweaving determination provides strong strength for life. Never can we see he compromised to any hard situation. Rich experiences, self-confidence, and strong determination are the solid foundation of the old mans undefeated spirit.Love tolerance and humility: the old man does not lose his kindness under the pressure of the hard life. He loves all creatures on the sea. He loves the flying fish, as they are his principle friends on the sea. “He was sorry for the birds, especially the small delicate dark tern that always flying and looking and almost were never finding.”(Page 21, line 5). He loves the dolphin, also pity for the great fish, and he is always aware that the fish is suffering too. He seems them as his fated brother. His universal love makes him forgive all the things seemed unfair to him. So he is tolerance. The tolerant person usually has breath mind. “Although he is old and has old scars, and he is a failure in the eyes of his fellow men, he has no food until the little boy begs some for him. But immediately posed against these manifestos of comic hostility are those of his heroism; his sea-blue eyes are cheerful and undefeated. He maintains ritual of dignity against his poverty and hunger; he insists he is still strong. He does not complain or indulge in even secret self-pity about his eighty-four days without a fish.” The great tolerance never let him bemoan his unfair fate but encourages him to hunger the next forever. After he lost the big marlin, he just promises the little boy to go fishing on the sea together, no self-abandonment and self-degradation. Humility another character derives from the universal love makes his brave heart more complete and let him feel grateful under the heavy pressure. “Imagine if each day a man must try to kill the moon, he thought. The moon runs away. But imagine if a man each day should have to try to kill the sun? We were born lucky, he thought.”(Page 65, line 8-line 11). Certainly it is impossible to kill the moon sun or stars. But in that given time and the given place, he had fought with the great marlin two days, this ridiculous thought only reflects his gratefulness for life. No complain only persistence. At the very beginning of this novel, he thanks the boy for his help. “He was too simple to wonder when he had attained humility. But he knew he had attained it and he know it was not disgraceful and it carried no loss of true pride.”(Page 5, line 2). “Love tolerance and humilitythe assumption without self-consciousness and therefore without sentimentalityare the old mans strength.” So Santiagos spirit is undefeated.He overcomes all kinds if difficulties by dint of this indomitable spirit, which can produce tremendous power in the hard situation especially in the combat with the great fish. During these three days he not only fights with the marlin but also the fatigue and the ache and the loneliness. He opposes his opponents with his rich experiences but opposes himself with his own super perseverance. Because compare with marlin and sharks, himself is more unconquerable. Fatigue ach and loneliness afflict him consistently. Any of them has enough power to quit this war and the old man would end in failure. The dauntless mans attitude for the pain minimizes the biggest problem. “Pain does not matter to a man.” The undefeated spirit gives the old man great power to be all-conquering.Santiago captures the great marlin but on the back home way the fierce sharks attack the fruits of his victory. He fights with them with all his strength to protect his victory, furthermore to protect his undefeated spirit and his dignity. Because the great marlin is not only his achievement but also his undefeated spirit symbol. Eventually the great marlin is destroyed totally, but his undefeated spirit remains. When he backs home, he appoints with the little boy to fishing together. “Surrender” never appears in his mind. He develops the image of the dauntless man to theoretical height: “a man can be destroyed but not defeated.” The old man gained the victory in spirit and was defeated by the fate in reality. It is seemed that the tragedy can be attributed to the unfair fate. In fact it has necessity. The relationship among all things and human natural character decides peoples fate. The old man is doomed to be a fisherman because of his family. The relationship between him and his family decides his career. He has no choice. Selfishness as one of the humans natural characters drives Manolins parents to force him to leave the old man, also drives Santiagos fellow men to jeer at his bad luck. The interaction between peoples behavior and the old mans undefeated spirit predestinates Santiago to go far out the sea to demonstrate his ability. “If he had not gone further to the sea that he proper limits, he would not have caught a fish big enough to pull him to sea for three days; if the fish were not so big, he could have put it, butchered, inside the boat and kept it safe from sharks; if it not so big enough to pull him to the sea for three days, the sharks would not have had time and space to destroyed it completely. The end was in beginning, when he first went too far out. The stream of blood that went a mile into the ocean and drew the shark was simply a step in an inexorable process more than well advanced. All this is the ultimate implication of the sentence the shark was not an accident. He is an inescapable part of the doomed the fate.” If the people are not so selfish, the little boy could go with the old man. If other fishers do not jeer at him, the old man may not go so far out the sea. If either of the assumptions were the fact, the old man would not suffer the thorough defeat. His failure is not only his, but also all humans because of the humans weakness.Part IV. The tragic art in the old man and the seaSantiago is not just a dauntless man image, he more have the universal love, which lead his life contains thick tragedy color. His universal love conflicts with his career. He loves all the creatures on the sea but he has to kill them because he is a fisher. “He is sorry for the great fish even as his resolve to kill him remains steady. Because of fishs behavior and great dignity, no one is good enough to eat him, but Santiagos fateful choices have been made, and he stays with them.” In his whole life he has no alternative choice. At the end of this novel the tragedy reaches the culmination. The fate destroys his triumphthe great marlin completely. This consequence was predestined when it began. But Santiago still has no choice.This novel brings Hemingways tragic art into full play. Nice things suffer the total destruction. Only remain the victory inward. “In 1952, Carlos Baker declared unequivocally that since the sun also rise, all of Hemingways novel have been tragedies. The same year, Phlip Yong wrote that the great achievement of the old man and the sea was a tragedy in the Greek mold.” As a tragedy-maker, “Hemingway declared his role as a prophet of tragedy.” Hemingways tragic mold is: the man was born to lose for one reason or antherbecause his fate to do so in unequal battle with some force in the universe, or both. In might mean, too, that the battle he loses in flesh can be one he win the spirit, and thus give himself the only patient of nobility and heroism a mortal may truly possess.The old man and sea is the richest of Hemingways novels as tragedies. It totally fits Hemingways tragic mold. The old man did not take anything in eighty-four days, defeated the great marlin but lose it on the way back. He is doomed by fate to be defeated, but gain victory of mans spirit over his fate. The key element in Hemingways tragedy is the protagonist must sustain a catastrophe that is irreversible. Obviously, Santiago is the tragic protagonist, indeed, not only him the bird the fish also the tragic protagonist. The dark tern is so delicate and fine, but its fate is the sea, which can swallow them when in turns to be cruel