语言学讲义_考研_3_Morphologyppt课件

讲义三Morphology,GraceTan,.,T/F,PLURALisamorpheme.Morphemesareregardedasabstractconstructsinthesystemofsound.Arootisnotalwaysafreeform.Allboundmorphemesareaffixed.,.,1.Compoundwordsconsistsof_morphemes.A.boundB.freeC.bothfreeandbound2.Ns,vs,adjsandmanyadvsare_A.grammaticalwordsB.lexicalwordsC.neithergrammaticalnorlexicalwords3.Radarisa(an)_A.acronymB.blendingC.coinageD.clipping,.,填空题,1.Polymorphemicwordsotherthancompoundshavetwoparts:therootsandthe_.2.On,beforeandtogetherare_words:theyarewordswhichdonottakeinflectionalendings.3.GivetheregularallormorphsofpluralinEnglish:_,_,_,_,_,_.4.nouns,verbsandadjectivesare_wordsratherthanfunctionwords.5.Intheadditionofnewwords,smogisa(an)_.6.Waltzisborrowedfrom_.,.,Lexicon,Initsmostgeneralsense,issynonymouswithvocabulary;,Initstechnicalsensehere,lexicondealswiththeanalysisandcreationofwords,idiomsandcollocations.,.,Whatisword?,TheWORDisaunitofexpressionwhichhasuniversalintuitiverecognitionbynative-speakers,whetheritisexpressedinspokenorwrittenform.,.,3.1.1Threesensesofword,1.aphysicaldefinableunit:aclusterofsoundsegmentsorlettersbetweentwopauseorblank2.WordbothasageneraltermandasaspecificformWritewriteswritten3.agrammaticalunite.g.Itiskindofyou,MissLi.Everywordplaysagrammaticalpartinthesentence.,.,3.1.2Identificationofwords,Stability(稳定性)Relativeuninterruptibility(相对连续性)disappointment*disppointment/*dis#ppoint#mentAminimumfreeform（最小的自由形式）-IsJanecomingthisevening?-Possibly.,.,INVARIABLEWORDSrefertothosewordssuchassince,when,seldom,through,hello.Theydonottakeinflectiveendings.,1)Variablevs.invariablewords可变词与不可变词,InVARIABLEWORDS,onecouldfindorderedandregularseriesofgrammaticallydifferentwordforms;ontheotherhand,partofthewordremainsrelativelyconstant.,3.1.3classificationofwords,.,GRAMMATICALWORDS-FUNCTIONWORD,FORMWORD,FUNCTORawordwhoseroleislargelyorwhollygrammatical.LEXICALWORDwordwhichcarriesthesemanticcontent,2）Grammaticalwordsvs.lexicalwords,.,CLOSED-CLASS-onewhosemembershipisfixedorlimited.Newmembersarenotregularlyadded.Pron,Prep,Conj,ArtetcOpen-class:Noun,Verb,Adj,Adv,3）Closed-classwordsandopen-classwords,.,Wordclass:knownasPartsofSpeechintraditionalgrammar.Noun,verb,adjective,adverb,preposition,pronoun,conjunction,interjection,article,etc.Somenewtermsinwordclass:Particle小品词:infinitiveto,negativenot,subordinateunitsinphrasalverbs“getby”,“lookback”,etc.Auxiliary助动词:do,have,.,Pro-forms代词形式:substitutesforotherterms.Pronoun:he,she,I,they,everyonePro-adjective:Yourcarisred.Soishis.Pro-verb:HespeaksEnglishbetterthanhedid.Pro-adverb:HehopestowinandIhopesotoo.Pro-locative:Hewentthere.,.,Determiner限定词:allthearticles,demonstratives,andquantifiersthatappearbeforethenounanditsmodifiers.Asmanyasthreedeterminersmaybeusedineachcaseandthereisafixedorderwhenthereismorethanone.,.,.,Predeterminers:all,both;half,one-third,three-quarters;double,twice,threetimes;such,what(exclamative)Centraldeterminers:the;this,these,that,those;PossP;we,us;you;which,what(relative),what(interrogative);a,another,some,any,no,either,neither;each,enough,much,more,most,less;afew,alittlePostdeterminers:every;many,several,few,little;one,two,three;(a)dozen,.,3.2Theformationofword3.2.1MorphemeandMorphology,Morphologyisthebranchofgrammarwhichstudiestheinternalstructureofwords,andtherulesbywhichwordsareformed.Twofields:inflectionalmorphologyandderivationalmorphologyMorpheme：Thesmallestunitintermsofrelationshipbetweenexpressionandcontent,aunitwhichcannotbedividedwithoutdestroyingordrasticallyalteringthemeaning,whetheritislexicalorgrammatical.,.,3.2.2typesofmorpheme,distemperedinfamous,.,Asaresultof_,thenegativemorphemeinimperfectandimpossibleisim-ratherthanin-.GivetheregularallomorphsofpasttenseinEngilish:_,_,_.,.,湖南大学2004EachofthefollowingPersianwordsispoly-morphemic.YouarerequiredtomatcheachofthenotionsgivenbelowwithamorphemeinPersian.(Notexarmeans“buy”andiddesignatespasttense.)XaridiYou(sg.)bought.NaxaridamIdidnotbuy.NamixaridandTheywerenotbuying.MixaridHebought.NaxaridimWedidnotbuy.MixaridHewasbuying.MixarididYou(pl.)werebuying.XaridamIbought.Match:(1)I(2)you(sg.)(3)not(4)was/wereV-ING(contious)Key:(1)am(2)i(3)na(4)miVid另一题为刘版课后习题关于“-er”的。,.,Rootvs.stem,PolymorphemicwordsotherthancompoundsmaydivideintoROOTSandAffixes.Root:partofthewordleftwhenallaffixesareremovedASTEMisanymorphemeorcombinationofmorphemestowhichanaffixcanbeadded.,.,IAvs.DA,Inflectionalaffixes曲折词缀:8grammaticalmarkersAdj:-erestNoun:-s,sVerb:-s,-ingedenDerivationalaffixes:prefixsuffixinfix中缀circumfix框缀infix:goose/geesefoot/feetCircumfix:anaffixmadeupoftwosepartepartswhichsurroundandattachtoarootorastemEg:ka-anbaddang(help)kabaddangan(helpfulness),.,清华2001DividethefollowingwordsintoRoots,IAandDA.1)transformations2)looseleaves)destructive4)geese5)misled湖大2004Labelthemorphologicalcategoryofthemorphemeunderlinedineachexpressions.1)Ivebeenhere.2)transform3)oxen4)recur,.,南大2003Youmayhavenoticedthattheprefixofcombineandthatofcontaincamefromthesameorigin,meaingwithortogether,butwhyisitspelled“com-”incombinebut“con-”incontain?Useyourownwordstoanswerthisquestion.A:Thechangeof/n/(analveolarnasal)to/m/(abilabialnasal)isduetothefollowingphoneme/b/,whichisalsobilabial.,.,华南理工2004ThefollowinginfsandpastparticipleverbformsarefoundinDutch.ROOTINFPPWandelwandelengewandeld“walk”Duwduwengeduwd“push”Zagzagengezegd“saw”Withreferencetothemorphologicalprocessesoftheprefixing,suffixing,infixingandcircumfixing:A:statethemorphologicalruleforforminganinfinDutch.B:statethemorphologicalruleforformingthePPinDutch.Key:inf=root+enpp=ge+root+d,.,北外2002inderivingnewwordsviaaprefixsuchasmis-,thereseemstobesomeconstraintonwhatispermitted.Thewordsinthefirstcolumnbelowareacceptableformations,buttheformsintheothercolumnsarenot.Workouttherule(S)mightbeformakingnewadjswithmis-.misadventuremishappymismilkmisjudgementmismealmissadmisplacedmisgladmiswordmistrustfulmisrolemiscrazy,.,Thebasicmeaningoftheprefixmis-is“bad,badly,wrong,wrongly”.Thusmisfortunemeansbadfortuneandmishavemeanstobehavebadly.likewise,amisdeedisawrongdeed,andmisdomeanstodowrongly.Mis-formscompoundsprimarilybyattachingtoverbs:mishear,misremember.Mis-alsoformscompoundsbyattachingtonounsthatcomefromverbs:miscalculation,mismanagement,mispronunciation.,.,湖南大学2004Considerchildrenstendencytooverusemorphologicalrules,whatmightweexpectayoungchildtouseintheplaceofthefollowingadultwords?Justifyyourchoiceineachcase.A)fish(pl)b)wentc)miced)atee)broughtF)geeseg)himselfh)womeni)hit(pp)j)hasKey:Fishes,goed,mouseseatedbringedgooseshisselfwomanshittedhaveChildrenuseovergeneralizationerrorsbecausetheyusearegularproductiveprocessonexceptionalwords.childrenusegoosesasthepluralformofgooseinsteadofgeesebecauseregularnounsaddansintheplural.,.,3.2.3InflectionLadiesForbidden,.,3.6Orthographicchange,Thisreferstothechangeofspelling.SincewritingisarecordingofthesoundsysteminEnglish,phonologicalchangeswillnodoubtsetoffgrapheticchanges.IesusJesus,satesat,SunneSunThetwoletters“u”and“v”exchangedtheirpositioninOldEnglish.,.,真题,Discussthefollowingque