语言学-形态学ppt课件

.,Morphology形态学,.,Q1.Whatismorphology?Q2.Adistinctionismadebetweenopenclassandclosedclassconcerningthecategorizationofwordsinalanguage.Howdoesthisdistinctionrelateitselftomorphologyinyouropinion?Q3.Morpheme:freemorphemevs.boundmorpheme;derivationalmorphemevs.inflectionalmorphemeQ4.Affix:prefixvs.suffixQ5.Compoundingandcompounds,.,1.什么是形态学？研究范围？,形态学是涉及语素系统的研究，它研究词的内部结构和构造规则Morphologyreferstothestudyoftheinternalstructureofwordsandtherulesbywhichwordsareformed.,Q1.Whatismorphology?,.,Q2.Adistinctionismadebetweenopenclassandclosedclassconcerningthecategorizationofwordsinalanguage.Howdoesthisdistinctionrelateitselftomorphologyinyouropinion?Openclasswords:contentwordsofalanguagetowhichwecanregularlyaddnewwords,suchasnouns,adjectives,verbsandadverbs.E.g.hacker,email,internet,surf,spam,blogsphere,songlifting(song+shoplifting),workaholic,surgiholic,tree-huggerTaikonaut,ginormous,fantabulous菜鸟、驴友、枪手、做秀、粉丝、帖子、拍砖、下课、前卫、PK、丁克、爽、酷、饭局、充电、月光族、黄牛、房奴,.,Closedclasswords:grammaticalorfunctionalwords,suchasconjunction,articles,prepositionandpronouns.“e”“偶”,.,Q3.语素的定义,语素是语言最小的意义单位。句子是由单词构成的，词可以被分成更小的成分。我们把这些处于单词最低一层的、有意义的成分称为”语素”。,Q3:Whatismorpheme?,.,Q3:Whatismorpheme?,Morpheme:theminimalmeaningfulunitHowmanymorphemesdoeseachofthefollowingwordscontain?boy,desireboyish,desirableboyishness,desirabilitygentlemanliness,undesirabilityantidisestablishmentarianism,.,根据结构语素分为自由语素和粘着语素(morpheme)(freemorpheme)(boundmorpheme)具有完整词汇意义具有一定词汇意义能够独立使用不能单独使用根据语义语素分为词根(root）和词缀(affix）自由，粘着屈折，派生freeroot,boundrootinflectionalaffix,derivationalaffix前缀，后缀prefix，suffix,.,词根、词缀、自由语素和粘着语素的关系,.,Freevs.boundmorpheme,Freemorphemeisonethatmayconstituteawordbyitself,suchasbed,tree,sing,dance.Boundmorphemeisonethatmayappearwithatleastoneothermorpheme.Theycannotstandbythemselves,suchas“-s”in“dogs”,“-al”in“national”,“dis-”in“disclose”,“-ed”in“recorded”.,.,Derivationalvs.inflectionalmorpheme,Derivationalmorphemesaremorphemeswhichchangethecategoryorgrammaticalclassofthewordstowhichtheyareconjoined,orchangetheirlexicalordictionarymeaning.E.g.modern:modernize;length:lengthen;fool:foolish;do:undo;selfish:unselfishetc.,.,Inflectionalmorphemes,Whenawordchangesinformbutnotinlexicalmeaning,wesayithasundergoneaninflection.E.g?Inflectionalmorphemesaremorphemeswhichareforthemostpartpurelygrammaticalmarkers,signifyingsuchconceptsasperson,number,gender,case,tense,aspectandsoon;theyneverchangethegrammaticalcategoryofthebasewordsortheirlexicalmeaning.,.,3.词根、词基和词干,去掉派生词缀得到的词是词基，去掉屈折词缀得到的词为词干。如果去掉词缀后的单词在不改变身份和词义的情况下不能再去任何词缀，则这个词是个词根。,.,4.构词法,构词方法(wordformation),复合法(compound),混合法(blending),派生法(derivation),缩略法(abbreviation),逆构法(backformation),借词法(borrowing),造词法(invention),.,Q4.Affix:prefixvs.suffixandsomeotherterms:root,stem,base,.,Arootisthatpartofthewordleftwhenalltheaffixes(inflectionalaswellasderivational)areremoved.E.g._in“desirable”,_in“unbelievable”Astemispartofaword-formwhichremainswhenallinflectionalaffixeshavebeenremoved.E.g._in“undesirables”,_in“enriched”Abaseisanyformtowhichaffixesofanykindcanbeadded.Thismeansanystemandrootcanbetermedasabase.E.g.“desire”in“desired”isa_?“enrich”in“enriches”isa_?,.,Basicways/rulesofformingwordsinEnglish,1.Freemorphemeformingaword自由语素成词2.Derivation派生-afreemorphemeplusatleastaderivationalmorpheme(bound),aderivative3.Compounding复合-twofreemorphemesmerged,acompound,.,ExamplesofCompounding,Nouncompoundsdaybreak(N+V)playboy(V+N)haircut(N+V)callgirl(V+N)windmill(N+N)Verbcompoundsbrainwash(N+V)lipread(N+V)babysit(N+V)Adjectivecompoundsmaneating(N+Ving)heartfelt(N+Ved)dutyfree(N+adj.)Prepositioncompoundsinto(P+P)throughout(P+P),.,Somepointsaboutcompounds,Whenthetwowordsareinthesamegrammaticalcategory,thecompoundwillbeinthiscategory,e.g.postbox,landlady,icy-coldWhenthetwowordsfallintodifferentcategories,theclassofthesecondorfinalwordwillbethegrammaticalcategoryofthecompound,e.g.head-strong,pickpocketCompoundshavedifferentstresspatternsfromthenon-compoundedwordsequence,e.g.redcoat,greenhouseThemeaningofacompoundisnotalwaysthesumofthemeaningsofitsparts,.,Chinesemorphology,Dothereexistaffixes,freevsboundmorphemes,derivationalvsinflectionalmorphemes,andcompoundsinChinese?,.,one-morphemewordsthatmaycomprisetwoormoreChinesecharacters单纯词：人，水，走，吃，红琵琶，枇杷，葡萄，菩提，仿佛，犹豫，巧克力，苏维埃Derivatives派生词老-;小-；阿-；第-；初-；见-子；-头；-儿；-者；-员；-士；-手；-化Compounds复合词思想，动静，看见，纸张，车辆，注意，关心，笔试,.,Chineseinflectionalmorphemes?,DotheleelementinthefollowingtwoChinesesentencesexpressthesamegrammaticalizedmeaning?他吃坏肚子了。他吃坏了肚子。Leisundoubtedlyagrammaticalmarker.Butisitanaspectmarkeroratenseindicator?Adebatablematter.Anditseemsthatthesentencefinallediffersfromthelefollowingtheverbphraseinthattheyareassociatedwithdifferentmeanings.Changeofstateorcontrarytoexpectation?Whatdoyouthinkistheprogressiveaspectmarker?Zaiorzhe?Whatdoestheguomorphemeindicate?,.,1.Morphologyisgenerallydividedintotwofields:thestudyofword-formationand_.A.affixationB.etymologyC.inflectionD.roo