正常青少年的焦虑和抑郁症状与自己和父母报告其行为抑制之间的关系PPT课件

PersonalityandIndividualDifferences人格与个体差异IF:1.861,Relationshipsbetweenchild-andparent-reportedbehaviouralinhibitionandsymptomsofanxietyanddepressioninnormaladolescents正常青少年的焦虑和抑郁症状与自己和父母报告其行为抑制之间的关系,1,.,Behaviouralinhibitioncanberegardedasatemperamentaltraitwhichischaracterisedbythetendencyofchildrenandadolescentstobeunusuallyshyandtoreactwithfearandwithdrawalinnoveland/orunfamiliarsocialsituations(Kagan,1997).行为抑制可以作为一种气质特性，是儿童和青少年的一种倾向性特质，在在新颖/不熟悉的社会情境中通常会表现出害羞，出现恐惧的反应和退缩(Kagan,1997),1、问题提出,2,.,Researchhasshownthatyouthswhoarebehaviourallyinhibitedseemtobeatincreasedriskfordevelopinganxietydisorders。childreninitiallyidentifiedasbehaviourallyinhibitedweresubsequentlymorelikelytodevelopanxietydisorderscomparedtocontrolchildren有研究就表明行为抑制的青年会有更大的风险出现焦虑障碍。如果是儿童时期表现为行为抑制，那么相比控制组，在随后更有可能患有焦虑障碍。,3,.,Sofar,researchhasemphasisedthatbehaviouralinhibitionisariskfactorfordevelopingchildhoodanxietydisorders。Thereissomeevidenceshowingthatbehaviouralinhibitionisalsoassociatedwithelevatedlevelsofdepression(e.g.,Reznick,Hegeman,Kaufman,149boysand178girls)hadameanageof12.7years(SD=0.6,range1115years,99%oftheadolescentswasaged1214years).最终，由于数据丢失和儿童没有参与教室的评估，共收集到310名父母，297名青少年和280名父母青少年配对的数据。前少年(N=327;149男生和178女生)的平均年龄在12.7岁(SD=0.6,范围1115岁,99%青少年的年龄在1214岁)。,12,.,2、2测量工具BIIcontainedeightitemsreferringtoshyness,communication,fearfulness,andsmilingwhenmeetinganunfamiliarchild/adult.Itemsareratedonfour-pointLikertscaleswith1=never,2=sometimes,3=often,and4=always.Afterrecodingpositiveitems,scoresaresummedtoyieldaBISchild(range:416),aBISadult(range:416),andaBIStotalscore(range:832).ThesecondpartoftheBIIremainedunchangedandaskedchildrentoclassifythemselvesinoneofthethreebehaviouralinhibitioncategories(i.e.low,middle,orhigh).第一部分的BII共包含8个项目，涉及到当面对不熟悉的儿童/承认时害羞、交流、恐惧、微笑。采用李克特4计分，1=没有,2=有时,3=经常、4=总是。重新积极的项目编码后,成绩总分产生BIS的儿童(范围:4-16),BIS的成年人(范围:4-16)和BIS总分(范围:8-32)。的第二部分BII保持不变,问孩子将自己的三个行为抑制类别(即低、中、高)。,13,.,TheRCADSisanadaptationoftheSpenceChildrensAnxietyScale(SCAS;Spence,1997,1998)andattemptstoassesssymptomsofDSM-definedanxietydisordersandmajordepression.RCADS是一个修订的适合测量儿童焦虑的量表(SCAS;Spence,1997,1998)，和试图去评估DSM定义的焦虑障碍和主要抑郁症状。,14,.,Thescaleconsistsof47itemsthatcanbeallocatedtosixsubscales:socialphobia、panicdisorder、majordepressivedisorder、separationanxietydisorder、generalisedanxietydisorder、obsessive-compulsivedisorder。Itemshavetobescoredonafour-pointscalewith0=never,1=sometimes,2=often,and3=always.RCADSsubscalescoresandatotalanxietyscorecanbeobtainedbysummingacrossrelevantitems.量表包含47个条目，分为6个维度：社会恐怖症（9个条目）、恐慌症（9个条目）,重度抑郁症（10个条目）、分离焦虑症（7个条目）,一般性焦虑症（6个条目）,强迫症-冲动障碍（6个条目）.问卷为四点量表（0-4），0=不,1=有时,2=经常,3=总是。RCADS维度分数和总焦虑分的总和为相关项目的总分。,15,.,ParentversionsofBIIandRCADS（父母版本的BII和RCADS）TheparentversionsoftheBIIandtheRCADS(i.e.BII-PandRCADS-P)wereidenticaltothechildversionsofthesemeasures,exceptthatitems/descriptionswererephrasedintermsoftheparentsperspective.父母版本的BII和RCADS是相对于儿童版本而言，除了了项目用父母的视角来描述，其他一样。,16,.,3、1Generalfindings（一般发现）First,questionnaireswerereliableintermsofinternalconsistency.Thatis,allCronbachsalphaswerewellabove0.60(Table1).第一，所有问卷的内部一致性系数都高于0.6，是可信的。(Table1).,3、结果,17,.,Second,nosubstantialgenderdifferenceswerefound:girlsreportedsomewhathigherlevelsofseparationanxietydisordersymptomsthanboys,meansbeing1.9(SD=2.1)versus1.4(SD=1.8)t(295)=2.0,P0.05,butwhenapplyingaBonferronicorrectionthisdifferencenolongerattainedstatisticalsignificance.第二，没有发现实质的性别差异：女孩在一定程度上要比男生在分离性焦虑上分要高1.9(SD=2.1)VS1.4(SD=1.8)，t(295)=2.0,P0.05，但是用Bonferroni矫正后不再存在统计显著性。,18,.,Third,theagerangeoftheadolescentswasrestricted(i.e.1115years)andnomeaningfulcorrelationsbetweenageandbehaviouralinhibitionandsymptomsofanxiety/depressionwerefound.第三，年龄的范围有限（1115岁），所有，发现年龄和行为抑制和焦虑/抑郁症状没有显著相关。,19,.,20,.,3.2.Correspondencebetweenchild-andparent-reportedbehaviouralinhibition（儿童-父母报告行为抑制之间的相关）Correlationsbetweenchild-andparent-reportedbehaviouralinhibitionasindexedbytheBISwerepositivebutmodest,withrsbetween0.44and0.49(allPs0.001;Table1).儿童-父母报告行为抑制之间的BIS指标为正相关但是都是中度相关。相关系数在0.44-0.49,21,.,ThepercentageofagreementbetweenchildandparentwithregardtotheBIcategories(low,middle,high)was61.4%,withCohenskappabeinginsufficient(p=0.32)andamodestSpearmanrankcorrelation(r=0.42,P0.001).儿童和父母关于BI的类别上的一致百分比数为61.4%，Cohenskappa并不充分(p=0.32)，也只有中度的Spearman等级相关(r=0.42,P0.001),22,.,23,.,24,.,3.3.Correspondencebetweenchild-andparent-reportedanxietyanddepression（儿童-父母报告焦虑和抑郁的一致性）socialphobia,separationanxietydisorder,andmajordepressivedisorderseemedtobesomewhathigherthanthatforsymptomsofpanicdisorder,obsessive-compulsivedisorder,andtoalesserextentgeneralisedanxietydisorder社交恐惧症、分离焦虑障碍和抑郁的症状在一定程度上高于恐慌症,强迫症-冲动障碍,一般性焦虑障碍处于次要的。,25,.,Furthermore,pairedt-testsindicatedthatparentsreportedhigherlevelsofsocialphobiaandseparationanxietydisordersymptomsfortheirchildrenthanchildrenthemselves。而且，配对样本检验，发现父母报告要你孩子自己报告更好水平的社会恐惧和分离性焦虑。,26,.,27,.,3.4.Relationshipsbetweenchild-reportedbehaviouralinhibitionandanxiety/depression（儿童报告行为抑制和焦虑/抑郁的关系）First,PearsoncorrelationswerecomputedbetweenthechildversionoftheBISandRCADSandRCADS-Pscores第一，皮尔逊相关分析来比较儿童版本的BIS、RCADS和RCADS-P分数,28,.,Second,(multivariate)analysesofvariancewerecarriedouttocomparetheRCADSandRCADS-Pscoresofadolescentswhoclassifiedthemselvesaseitherlow,middle,orhighonbehaviouralinhibition.第二，分析比较RCADS和RCADS-P对于低，中，高行为抑制的被试,29,.,3.5.Relationshipsbetweenparent-reportedbehaviouralinhibitionandanxiety/depression（父母报告行为抑制和焦虑/抑郁的关系）,30,.,3.6.Relativepredictivevalidityofchild-andparent-reportedbehaviouralinhibitiontosymptomsofanxietyanddepression（儿童-父母报告行为抑制预测焦虑/抑郁症状）child-reportedanxietyanddepressionwerebestpredictedbychild-reportedbehaviouralinhibition,whereasparent-reportedanxietyanddepressionwerebestpredictedbyparent-reportedbehaviouralinhibition.儿童报告的行为抑制可以很好的预测儿童报告的焦虑/抑郁症状；父母报告的儿童的行为抑制可以很好的预测父母报告儿童的焦虑/抑郁症状,31,.,Inonlytwooftheregressionanalyseschild-andparent-reportedbehaviouralinhibitionbothaccountedforauniqueandsignificantproportionofthevariance.两个关于儿童-父母报告行为抑制都可以显著的解释一个部分变化。,32,.,33,.,Laboratoryobservationshaveshownthatbehaviouralinhibitionispresentin1015%ofchildrenwhomanifestthisbehaviouralpatterninitsextreme(seeTurneretal.,1996)实验室的观察表明行为抑制在1015%儿童群体上存在，显示这种行为抑制的广泛存在的。,4、讨论,34,.,Thepresentdatanicelyillustratetherelativelypooragreementbetweenparentandchildreportwithregardtotheassessmentofinternalisingsymptomssuchasanxietyanddepression(e.g.Rapee,Barrett,Dadds,&Evans,1994).当前的数据非常漂亮的阐明了相关的不一致在父母和儿童报告评价相关的焦虑/抑郁症状。,35,.,Agreementbetweenadolescentsandtheirparentsforbehaviouralinhibitionwasalsorathermodest.Ontheonehand,thismayindicatethatbehaviouralinhibitionnotonlyhasclear-cutobservablefeatures,butalsohasmorecovertemotionalandcognitivecomponents.行为抑制只显示出中等程度，这表明行为抑制不仅有清晰可观察的特征，而且还存在更多的隐藏的情绪和认知成分。,36,.,Thus,itremainspossiblethatbehaviouralinhibitionnotonlyse