大学英语四级作文写作技巧ppt课件

.,大学英语四级写作指导,.,英语四、六级写作基本文体,首先要指出的是，四、六级作文在准备和对策上是基本一致的，因为两者评分标准基本一致，除了字数上的差距，四级120词，六级150词。英语考试的作文大体可以分为：1、正反论证2、原因现象描述类；3、图表；4、名言谚语。5、信件。所谓的写信，无非就是在这四类的基础上，套用信件的格式而已。,.,作文得分技巧总结,1、卷面整洁，书写清楚2、构思简单，少犯错误3、中心突出，层次分明4、固定经典，名言注目5、重在变化，宁简勿烂,.,写作的“七项基本原则”1、长短句原则,Asacreature,Ieat;asaman,Iread.Althoughoneactionistomeettheprimaryneedofmybodyandtheotheristosatisfytheintellectualneedofmind,theyareinawayquitesimilar.强烈建议：在文章第一段（开头）用一长一短，且先长后短；在文章主体部分，要先用一个短句解释主要意思，然后在阐述几个要点的时候采用先短后长的句群形式，定会让主体部分妙笔生辉！文章结尾一般用一长一短就可以了。,.,2、主题句原则,主题句通常放在句首Tobeginwith,youmustworkhardatyourlessonsandbefullypreparedbeforetheexam（主题句）.Withoutsufficientpreparation,youcanhardlyexpecttoanswerallthequestionscorrectly.,.,3、阐述观点的一二三原则,（1）first,second,third,last（不推荐，原因：俗）（2）firstly,secondly,thirdly,finally（不推荐，原因：俗）（3）thefirst,thesecond,thethird,thelast（不推荐，原因：俗）（4）inthefirstplace,inthesecondplace,inthethirdplace,lastly（不推荐，原因：俗）（5）tobeginwith,then,furthermore,finally（强烈推荐）（6）tostartwith,next,inaddition,finally（强烈推荐）（7）firstandforemost,besides,lastbutnotleast（强烈推荐）（8）mostimportantofall,moreover,finally（9）ontheonehand,ontheotherhand（适用于两点的情况）（10）foronething,foranotherthing（适用于两点的情况）,.,4、短语优先原则,写作时，尤其是在考试时，如果使用短语，有两个好处：其一、用短语会使文章增加亮点，如果老师们看到你的文章太简单，看不到一个自己不认识的短语，你的得分率将会降低；相反，如果发现一些精彩的短语，你的文章定会得高分。其二、关键时刻思维短路，只有凑字数，怎么办？用短语是一个办法！比如：Icannotbearit.可以用短语表达：Icannotputupwithit.Iwantit.可以用短语表达：Iamlookingforwardtoit.,.,5、多实少虚原则,原因很简单，写文章还是应该写一些实际的东西，不要空话连篇。这就要求一定要多用实词，少用虚词。所谓虚词是指那些比较大的词。比如我们说一个很好的时候，不应该只说nice这样空洞的词，应该使用一些诸如generous,humorous,interesting,smart,gentle,warm-hearted,hospital之类的形象词。再比如：走出房间，general的词是：walkoutoftheroom但是小偷走出房间应该说：slipoutoftheroom小姐走出房间应该说：sailoutoftheroom小孩走出房间应该说：danceoutoftheroom老人走出房间应该说：staggeroutoftheroom,.,6、多变句式原则（1）加法（串联）,写长句的方法就是这些，可以在任何句子之间加and,但最好是前后的句子又先后关系或者并列关系。比如说：Ienjoymusicandheisfondofplayingguitar.如果是二者并列的，我们可以用一个超级句式：Notonlythefurcoatissoft,butitisalsowarm.其它的短语可以用：besides,furthermore,likewise,moreover,.,（2）转折（拐弯抹角）,批评某人缺点的时候，我们总习惯先拐弯抹角说说他的优点，然后转入正题，再说缺点，写文章的时候只要在要点之前先来点废话，注意二者之间用个转折词就够了。Thecarwasquiteold,yetitwasinexcellentcondition.Thecoatwasthin,butitwaswarm.更多的短语：despitethat,still,however,nevertheless,inspiteof,despite,notwithstanding,.,（3）因果（so,so,so）,昨天在街上我看到了一个女孩，然后我主动搭讪，然后我们去咖啡厅，然后我们认识了，然后我们成为了朋友可见，讲故事的时候我们总要追求先后顺序，先什么，后什么，所以然后这个词就变得很常见了。其实这个词表示的是先后或因果关系！Thesnowbegantofall,sowewenthome.更多短语：then,therefore,consequently,accordingly,hence,asaresult,forthisreason,sothat,.,（4）失衡句（头重脚轻，或者头轻脚重）,文章中如果出现失衡句子，更会让考官看到你的句子与众不同。其实就是主语从句，表语从句，宾语从句的变形。ThisiswhatIcando.Whetherhecangowithusornotisnotsure.同样主语、宾语、表语可以改成如下的复杂成分：Whentogo,Whyhegoesaway,.,（5）附加（多此一举）,在句子中穿插定语从句和同位语从句或者是插入语，使句子有变化。Themanwhomyoumetyesterdayisafriendofmine.Idontenjoythatbookyouarereading.Mrliu,ouroralEnglishteacher,iseasy-going.附加法其实很简单：同位语要解释的东西删除后不影响整个句子的构成；定语从句借用之前的关键词并且用其重新组成一个句子插入其中，但是whom/that关键词必须要紧跟在先行词之前。,.,（6）排比（排山倒海句）,文学作品中最吸引人的地方莫过于此，如果非要让你的文章更加精彩的话，那么我希望你引用一个个的排比句，一个个的对偶句，一个个的不定式，一个个地词，一个个的短语，如此表达将会使文章有排山倒海之势！Whetheryourtastesaremodernortraditional,sophisticatedorsimple,thereisplentyinLondonforyou.Nowadays,energycanbeobtainedthroughvarioussourcessuchasoil,coal,naturalgas,solarheat,thewindandoceantides.Wehavegottostudyhard,toenlargeourscopeofknowledge,torealizeourpotentialsandtopayforourlife.（气势恢宏）,.,7、挑战极限原则,既然是挑战极限，必然是比较难的，但是并非不可攀！原理：在学生的文章中，很少发现诸如独立主格的句子，其实也很简单，只要花上5分钟的时间看看就可以领会，它就是分词的一种特殊形式，分词要求主语一致，而独立主格则不然。比如：Theweatherbeingfine,alargenumberofpeoplewenttoclimbtheWesternHills.Africaisthesecondlargestcontinent,itssizebeingaboutthreetimesthatofChina.,.,议论文写作的基本模式,从2006年6月四级改革以来，议论文已经成为四级作文的绝对主流，无论是学生还是老师，都对此类题目进行了充分的准备。对于这种类型的文章，写作框架如下：第一段：现象背景介绍+引出话题（公众观点+大概理由）；第二段：关于话题的相关因素（影响，作用，好处，危害或原因等）；第三段：陈述自己观点或预期未来。组成一篇文章的三要素是：结构，内容和语言。对于此类型的文章，同学们是很难在结构上略胜一筹的；至于具体内容，也完全不需要推陈出新，因为批卷老师是完全没有时间仔细看理由的。所以，如何体现我们的写作能力和文章价值，关键在于文章遣词造句的质量。此类文章的高分原则为：第一，在文章中必须有五个左右的衔接词，来体现逻辑性。第二，用词尽量避免重复，体现语言的灵活和升级。第三，尽量使用非陈述句式，如倒装、被动、虚拟语气及插入语等。,.,辩论式议论文模版1,Somepeoplebelieve(argue,recognize,think)that观点1.Butotherpeopletakeanoppositeside.Theyfirmlybelievethat观点2.Asforme,Iagreetotheformer/latteridea.Thereareadozenofreasonsbehindmybelief.Firstofall,论据1.Moreimportantly,论据2.Mostimportantofall,论据3.Insummary,总结观点.Asacollegestudent,Iamsupposedto表决心.或:Fromabove,wecanpredictthat预测.,.,辩论式议论文模版2,PeopleholddifferentviewsaboutX.Somepeopleareoftheopinionthat观点1,whileotherspointoutthat观点2.AsfarasIamconcerned,theformer/latteropinionholdsmoreweight.Foronething,论据1.Foranother,论据2.Lastbutnottheleast,论据3.Toconclude,总结观点.Asacollegestudent,Iamsupposedto表决心.或Fromabove,wecanpredictthat预测.,.,辩论式议论文模版3,ThereisnoconsensusofopinionsamongpeopleaboutX(争论的焦点)。Somepeopleareoftheviewthat观点1，whileotherstakeanoppositeside,firmlybelievingthat观点2。AsfarasIamconcerned,theformer/latternotionispreferableinmanysenses.Thereasonsareobvious.Firstofall,论据1。Furthermore,论据2。Amongallofthesupportingevidences,oneisthestrongest.Thatis,论据3。Anaturalconclusionfromtheabovediscussionisthat总结观点。Asacollegestudent,Iamsupposedto表决心.或Fromabove,wecanpredictthat预测.,.,1.利弊议论文,Model1Itisanewthingthatcreditcardshavebeenwidelyusedbycollegestudents.Manypeoplewelcomethisnewdevelopmentwhileothershaveexpressedtheirconcernaboutthis.Thosewhotakesidesagainstthisnewtrendbelievethatbecausesomecollegestudentshavenopropersenseofconsumption.Onecommonargument,however,fortheusingofcreditcardsoncampus_isthatsomecollegestudentshavenopropersenseofconsumption.Ofthetwoviewsdiscussedabove,Iaminfavoroftheformer.Myreasonisthatifcollegestudentsrealizetheadvantagesofusingcreditcards,theywillacceptthismodernwayofconsumption.,.,Model2Asisknowntoall,therehasbeenawaveof_.Therearemanyadvantages(disadvantages)ofthismodernway.Firstofall,_.Inthesecondplace,_.Lastly,_.Inaword,_.,.,Model3Whenaskedabout_,differentpeoplewillofferdifferentopinions.Somepeopletakeitforgrantedthat_.Intheirmind,_.Besides,_.However,othersholdthat_.Theymaintainthat_.Weightingupthesetwoarguments,Iamforthefirstone.Foronething,_.Foranother,_.Therefore,asstatedabove,_.,.,Model4_isbecomingmorepopularin_,especiallyamong_.Today,itscertainlydifficulttothinkof_.Thereareseveralreasonsforitspopularity.First,_.Second,_.However,intermsof_.,.,Model(1)Nowadaysmoreandmorepeoplepaymoreattentiontocollegestudentsusingcreditcards_.SomepeoplearguethatthiswillleadtoatendencyofcollegestudentsspendingmoneywithoutlimitationwhileothersfirmlyholdthatcollegestudentsareadultsandtheyhavetheabilitytochoosewhateverwayofspendingmoneyInmyopinion,Ithinkthisquestionshouldbeprobedindepth.Ononehand,thefirstgroupisnottotallycorrectbecausemoneyinacreditcardisnotcountlessandthehostbankhascertainstrictdisciplinesofusingcreditcards.Ontheotherhand,thesecondgroupseemsnotquiterightbecausetherearereallysomecollegestudentswhohavenoself-controlwhenitcomesthespendingofmoney.Inaword,wecanseeclearlythatthekeyliesincollegestudentsself-controlwhentheygoshoppingwithcreditcards.Otherwisetheadvantagesofusingcreditcardsmaybecomeaburdentothem.,个人观点议论文,.,Model(2)Itbecomesacommontendencythesedaysforpeopleto_.Manypeopleareopposedto_becausetheythink_.Theyalsoarguethat_.Inmymind,however,Icantagreewith_.Atthesametime,_.Inaddition,_.Inconclusion,_.,.,Model(3)_hasbeenonemediumofcommunicationthathasconnectedallthepeoplearoundworld.Moreandmorepeopletendtoconcernthe_,becauseitisso_that_.Theadvantagesof_areobvioustosomepeople.Foronething,intermsof_,_.Asaresult,_.Consequently,_.Foranotherthing,_.Personally,Isidewiththeformeropinion.Because_.However,_.,.,Model(4)Presently,onephenomenoncallsforpeoplesattentionthat_.Ingeneral,_.Foronething,_.(Forexample,_.)Foranother,_.AsfarasIamconcerned,_.Tosumup,_.,.,3.解决方法类议论文,Model(1)Ifyoufailtheexamwhatwillyoufeel?Ofcourse,youwillfeelSadbecausehavetogooverwhatyouhavelearnedagain.Besidesthis,therearealsootherreasonsforyoursorrow.Foronething,youwillnotallowedtohaveafurtherstudyonthissubject,Foranother,yourparentsandyourteacherswillbeverydisappointedatyou.Noeasysolutioncanbetakentocopewiththeproblemofusingdisposableplasticbags,butifwewanttomakeourenvironmentclean,wemusttakecertainmeasures.Therefore,myviewpointisthatourgovernmentshouldatfirstbantheproducingofdisposableplasticbagsThereisnodoubtthatthisisthemosteffectivewayofsolvingthisproblem.,.,Model(2)Mostofustodayrecognizethat_environmentalpollution_hasbeenagreatlyseriousproblem.Therefore,weshouldtakesomemeasurestodealwithit.Fromabove,wecanfindthatthereasonswhy_creditcardsareverypopular_,areasfollows,theprimaryreason,Ithink,_isthatusingcreditcardsisveryconvenient_.Forexample,_youcanputlotsofmoneyintoonecardinsteadofcash_.However,_youmustrememberthecodeofeachcreditcard.Second,ifyourcreditcardislost,youcaneasilyapplyforanewonewithoutlosingmoneyinit_.Thethirdreasonactuallyistheresultof_collegestudentssenseofconsumption_.,.,Model(3)Therefore,_.Moreover,_.Letsmakeourgoodefforts,and_.,.,writingtask:Recreationalactivities,Directions:Forthispart,youareallowed30minutestowriteashortessayentitledRecreationalactivities.Youshouldwriteatleast120wordsfollowingtheoutlinegivenbelow.1.娱乐活动多种多样。2.娱乐活动可以使人们受益，也可能带来危害。3.作为大学生，我认为,.,Recreationalactivities,P1。Everyoneneedssomerecreationalactivitiestohelpthemrelaxafteradaysworkorstudy.Andtherearemanyrecreationalactivitiesavailabletousintodayssociety.Forexample,sportsfansmaychoosetoplaybasketballorfootball.OronemaytakeabreakbywatchingTVorlisteningtomusic.P2。Amongthelargenumberofrecreationalactivities,somearecarefullydesignedandcanbebeneficialtous.Forexample,playingbasketballcanhelpusgetstrongerandhealthier.Itcanalsoenrichfriendshipswhileweplaytogetherwithourteammates.However,someactivitiesmaycauseharm,especiallytoyoungpeoplewhoarecuriousabouteverythingbutareunabletocontrolthemselves.Playingcomputergamesisonesuchactivity.Manycollegestudentsplaythemeveryday.Somestudentsevendevelopaddictionsandskipschoolorstayuplateintothenighttoplaythem.Thiscanaffecttheirstudyandhealth.,.,P3。Ascollegestudents,weshouldstrikeabalancebetweenworkandrest.Recreationisofgreatimportancetoourlife,butstudyisourprimarytask.Ifwewanttoplay,weneedtoknowclearlywhichactivitiesaregoodandwhicharebad.Atthesametime,weshouldexerciseself-controlsothatwewontgetaddictedtosomebadactivities.,.,2.各种题型的写作方法。对比选择型：基本方法为：阐述一种观点或态度并表明这种观点或态度正确的理由;阐述第二种(相对或相反的)观点或态度并说明这种观点或态度正确的理由;表明个人支持或反对以上观点或态度，并说明原因。现象解释型：基本方法为：描述现象分析原因对现象做出预测或如何促进(限制)这种现象的进一步发展。问题解决型：基本方法为：提出问题分析问题解决问题。观点论证型：基本方法为：分析主题得出结论举例论证得出结论(证明观点的正确性)。应用文基本方法为：分析所给情景选择写作方法。,.,三段式作文的结构安排,.,现象解释型模板一,.,现象解释型作文模板二,Recently,.描述现象，引起话题Whatamazesusmostis表现较为典型的一个方面Itistruethat.对于现象做出的评论Therearemanyreasonsexplaining承上启下,解释这一现象的原因Themainreasonis说明原因一Whatismore,原因二Thirdly,原因三Asaresult,.讲述导致的结果Consideringallthese,.作者的态度Foronething,.观点一11.Foranother,.