建筑工程英语专业英语unitPPT课件

.,1,Lesson4,BuildingComponents,.,2,Materialsandstructuralformsarecombinedtomakeupthevariouspartsofabuilding,includingthesoilandfoundations,load-carryingframe,skin,partitions,floors,andstairs,suchasthoseshowninFig4.1.Thebuildingalsohasmechanicalandelectricalsystems,suchaselevators,heatingandcoolingsystems,andlightingsystemsThesuperstructureisthatpartofabuildingaboveground;andthesubstructureandfoundationisthatpartofabuildingbelowground.,partition分开,分割,隔墙,隔板superstructure上部结构,.,3,1-foundation;2-externalwall3、4-internalwall;5-floor6-roof7-groundfloor8-door;9-window10-stair11-step12-canopy13-apron,Fig4.1ComponentsofaBuilding,canopy雨蓬apron窗台,.,4,SoilsandFoundations,Allbuildingsaresupportedontheground,andthereforethenatureofthesoilbecomesanextremelyimportantconsiderationinthedesignofanybuilding.Thedesignofafoundationdependsonmanysoilfactors,suchastypeofsoil,soilstratification,thicknessofsoillayersandtheircompaction,andgroundwaterconditions.Soilsrarelyhaveasinglecomposition;theygenerallyaremixturesinlayersofvaryingthickness.Forevaluation,soilsaregradedaccordingtoparticlesize,whichincreasesfromsilttoclaytosandtograveltorock.,.,5,stratification层理;成层compaction压实composition组成silt粉土clay粘土sand砂土grave碎石,.,6,Duetoboththecompactionandfloweffects,buildingstendtosettle.Uniformsettlementsarenotsoserious,butunevensettlementscanhavedamagingeffectsthebuildingmaylean,wallsandpartitionsmaycrack(Fig4.2),windowsanddoorsmaybecomeinoperative,andintheextreme,abuildingmaycollapse.Becausesuchmovementscanoccurduringandafterconstruction,carefulanalysisofthebehaviorofsoilsunderabuildingisvital.,collapse倒塌,.,7,Fig4.2Relativesettlementcurveandcracksofabuilding,.,8,Thegreatvariabilityofsoilshasledtoavarietyofsolutionstothefoundationproblem.Wherefirmsoilexistsclosetothesurface,thesimplestsolutionistorestcolumnsonasmallslabofconcrete.Wherethesoilissofter,itisnecessarytospreadthecolumnloadoveragreaterarea;inthiscase,acontinuous-slabofconcreteunderthewholebuildingisused.Incaseswherethesoilnearthesurfaceisunabletosupporttheweightofthebuilding,pilesofwood,steel,orconcretearedrivendowntofirmsoil.,.,9,（a）spreadfoundation,spreadfoundation扩展基础,.,10,.,11,（b）stripfoundation,stripfoundation条形基础,.,12,（c）raftfoundation,（d）boxfoundation,筏形基础,箱形基础,.,13,（e）pilefoundation,桩基础,.,14,Load-CarryingFrame,Untilthelate19thcentury,theexteriorwallsofabuildingwereusedasbearingwallstosupportthefloors(Fig4.4).ThisconstructionisstillusedinframeconstructionforhousesBearing-wallconstructionlimitedtheheightofbuildingsbecauseoftheenormouswallthicknessrequired1.Skeletonconstruction,consistingofsteelbeamsandcolumns,wasfirstusedin1889.,frame框架，骨架exterior外部的,外面的,外部,表面bearingwa11承重墙skeleton骨架,.,15,Asaconsequenceofskeletonconstruction,theenclosingwallsbecomea“curtainwallratherthanservingasupportingfunctionMasonrywasthecurtainwallmaterialuntilthe1930s,whenlightmetalandglasscurtainwallswereused.Aftertheintroductionofthesteelskeleton,theheightofbuildingscontinuedtoincreaserapidly.,curtainwall悬墙幕墙,.,16,Fig4.4bearing-wallconstruction,.,17,AlltallbuildingswerebuiltwithaskeletonofsteeluntilWorldWar.Afterthewar,theshortageofsteelandtheimprovedqualityofconcreteledtotallbuildingsbeingbuiltofreinforcedconcrete.Achangeinattitudeaboutskyscraperconstructionhasbroughtareturntotheuseofthebearingwall.Thisperimeterwall,ineffect,constitutesabearingwallOnereasonforthistrendisthatstiffnessagainsttheactionofwindcanbeeconomicallyobtainedbyusingthewallsofthebuildingasatube2.Incontrast,rigidframesorverticaltrussesareusuallyprovidedtogivelateralstability.,reinforcedconcrete钢筋混凝土perimeterwall围墙stability稳定性,.,18,Skin,Theskinofabuildingconsistsofbothtransparentelements(windows）andopaqueelements(walls)(Fig4.5).Windowsaretraditionallyglass,althoughplasticsarebeingused.Thewallelements,whichareusedtocoverthestructureandaresupportedbyit,arebuiltofavarietyofmaterials:brick,precastconcrete,stone,opaqueglass,plastics,steel,andaluminum.Woodisusedmainlyinhouseconstruction;itisnotgenerallyusedforcommercial,industrial,orpublicbuildingsbecauseofthefirehazard.,opaque不透明的,不透光的,不透明体aluminum铝,.,19,Fig4.5Theskinofabuilding,.,20,Floors,Theconstructionofthefloorsinabuildingdependsonthebasicstructuralframethatisused(Fig4.6).Insteelskeletonconstruction,floorsareeitherslabsofconcreterestingonsteelbeamsoradeckconsistingofcorrugatedsteelwithaconcretetopping.Inconcreteconstruction,thefloorsareeitherslabsofconcreteonconcretebeamsoraseriesofcloselyspacedconcretebeams(ribs)intwodirectionstoppedwithathinconcreteslab.,deck甲板,舱面,桥面,层面corrugate弄皱,使起皱纹,起皱的,起波纹的slab板,.,21,Thekindoffloorthatisuseddependsonthespanbetweensupportingcolumnsorwallsandthefunctionofthespace.Inanapartmentbuilding,forinstance,wherewallsandcolumnsarespacedat12to18feet（3.7to5.5meters）,themostpopularconstructionisasolidconcreteslabwithnobeams.Corrugatedsteeldecksareoftenusedinofficebuildingsbecausethecorrugations,whenenclosedbyanothersheetofmetal,formductsfortelephoneandelectricallines3.,duct管道,通道,预应力筋孔,.,22,Slabfloor,Slabandbeamribbedfloor,.,23,Croinedslabfloor,No-beamfloor,.,24,Corrugatedsteelslabfloor,Fig4.6Typesoffloor,.,25,Stairs,ComponentsofastaircaseareshowninFig4.7.Stairistheverticaltransportfacilitieswhichcontactthetwointerfacingfloorsinthebuilding.Stairshouldsatisfytheverticaltransportationindailylifeandsafelyevacuateinemergency.Evenwiththeelevator,high-risebuildingsalsoneedtosetupthestairs.Accordingtoitsforms,thereare:straight-runningstairs,multi-runningstairs,scissors-typestairs,spiralstairsetc(Fig4.8).,.,26,Accordingtotheirdifferentmaterials,thereare:reinforcedconcretestairs,steelstairsandwoodstairs.Reinforcedconcretestairsarefrequentlyencounteredinbuildingsbecauseofmoreadvantagesthanothersinstructuralstiffness,refractory,cost,construction,formingetc4.,duct管道,通道,预应力筋孔encounter遇到，碰到,.,27,Fig4.7Componentsofastaircase,.,28,Straight-runningstairs,Multi-runningstairs,.,29,Scissors-typestairs,Spiralstairs,Fig4.8Formsofstairs,.,30,1.Bearing-wallconstructionlimitedtheheightofbuildingsbecauseof;theenormouswa