千奇百怪的浮游生物ppt课件.ppt

Zooplankton,.uk,1,Planktos:“drifts”ingreek,TheirdistributiondependsoncurrentsandgyresCertainzooplanktoncanswimwell,butdistributioncontrolledbycurrentpatternsZooplankton:allheterotrophicplanktonexceptbacteriaandviruses;sizerangefrom2m(heterotrophicflagellates,protists)uptoseveralmeters(jellyfish),2,Herbivorouszooplankton:Grazers,3,Nutritionalmodesinzooplankton,Herbivores:feedprimarilyonphytoplanktonCarnivores:feedprimarilyonotherzooplankton(animals)Detrivores:feedprimarilyondeadorganicmatter(detritus)Omnivores:feedonmixeddietofplantsandanimalsanddetritus,4,FeedingmodesinZooplankton,FilterfeedersPredatorscatchindividualparticles,5,FilterFeeder,Copepod,6,7,FilterFeeder,Ctenophore,8,Predator,ChaetognathArrowWorm,9,LifecyclesinZooplankton,Holoplankton:spendentirelifeinthewatercolumn(pelagic)Meroplankton:spendonlypartoftheirlifeinthepelagicenvironment,mostlylarvalformsofinvertebratesandfishIchthyoplankton:fisheggsandfishlarvae,10,Holoplankton,CopepodsPlanktoniccrustaceans,11,12,Barnacles:benthicsessilecrustacean,/labs/pinedalab/,13,Meroplankton,Naupliuslarva,.uk,14,Meroplankton,.uk,Cyprislarva,15,/labs/pinedalab/,16,Cyprislarvaandmetamorphosedjuveniles,/labs/pinedalab/,17,Barnaclepopulationregulation,/labs/pinedalab/,18,GadidaeGadusmorhua,Ichthyoplankton,19,GadidaeGadusmorhua,Ichthyoplankton,20,GadidaeGadusmorhua,Ichthyoplankton,21,GadidaeAtlanticcodGadusmorhua,DemersalAdult,22,Protists:Protozooplankton,Dinoflagellates:heterotrophicrelativestothephototrophicDinophyceae;nakedandthecateforms.Noctilucamiliarisupto1mmorbigger,bioluminescence,preyonfisheggmostabundant40N40S,23,DinoflagellatesNoctilucamiliaris,24,/pubs/1999/nsf98106/98106htm/ht-015.gif,ColonialchoanoflagellatesBacteriofages(RossSea),25,Foraminifera(calcareousalllatitudes),26,Radiolaria:spherical,amoeboidcellswithsilicacapsule;50mtoseveralmm;contributetosilicaoozesediments,feedonbacteria,smallphyto-andzooplankton;coldwateranddeep-seaCiliates:feedonbacteria,phytoplankton,HNF;nakedformsmoreabundantbuthardtostudy(delicate!);tintinnids:sub-groupofciliateswithvase-likeexternalshellmadeofprotein;herbivores,Protists:Protozooplankton,27,Figure3.21b,Radiolarians(siliceouslowlatitudes),28,http:/www.jochemnet.de/fiu/,29,/public/life/199/radiolaria.jpg,LiveRadiolarian,30,Cnidaria:primitivegroupofmetazoans;someholoplanktonic,othershavebenthisstages;carnivorous(crustaceans,fish);longtentaclescarrynematocystsusedtoinjectvenomsintoprey;boxjellyfishofAustraliakillshumanswithinminutesMedusae:singleorganisms,fewmmtoseveralmetersSiphonophores:coloniesofanimalswithspecialization:feedingpolyps,reproductivepolyps,swimmingpolyps;Physaliaphysalis(Portugueseman-of-war),commonintropicalwaters,GulfofMexico,driftedbythewindandbelongtothepleuston(liveontopofwatersurface),InvertebrateHoloplankton,31,Cnidaria(medusae),32,Cnidaria(medusae),33,Cnidaria(siphonophora),34,Ctenophores:separatephylum,donotbelongtoCnidaria;transparentorganisms,swimmwithfusedcilia;nonematocysts;preyonzooplankton,fisheggs,sometimessmallfish;importanttofisheriesduetograzingonfisheggsandcompetitionforfishfoodChaetognaths:arrowworms,carnivorous,4cmPolychaets:Tomopterisspp.onlyimportantplanktonicgenus,InvertebrateHoloplankton,35,Ctenophora(combjellies),36,Ctenophora(combjellies),37,InvertebrateHoloplankton,Mollusca:Heteropods:smallgroupofpelagicrelativesofsnails,snailfootdevelopedintoasingle“fin”;goodeyes,visualpredatorsPteropods:snailfootdevelopedintopaired“wings”;suspensionfeederproducelargemucousnetstocaptureprey;carbonateshellsproducepteropodoozeonseafloor,38,Heteropod(PredatesonCtenophores),39,Pteropod,/expeditions/,40,ProtochordateHoloplankton,Appendicularia:groupofChordata,liveingelatinousballoons(house)thatareperiodicallyabandoned;emptyhousesprovidevaluablecarbonsourceforbacteriaandhelptoformmarinesnow;filterfeedersofnanoplanktonSalpsorTunicates:groupofChordata,mostlywarmwater;typicallybarrel-form,filterfeeders;occurinswarms,whichcanwipethewatercleanofnanoplankton;largefecalbands,transportofnano-andpicoplanktontodeep-sea;singleorcolonies,41,Appendicularia,42,PelagicSalps,43,Arthropoda:crustaceanzooplankton,Cladocera(waterfleas):sixmarinespecies(Podonspp.,Evadnespp.),onebrackishwaterspeciesintheBalticSea;fastreproductionbyparthenogenesis(withoutmalesandeggfertilization)andpedogenesis(youngembryosinitiateparthenogeneticreproductionbeforehatching)Amphipoda:lessabundantinpelagicenvironment,commongenusThemisto;frequentlyfoundonsiphonophores,medusae,ctenophores,salpsEuphausiida:krill;15-100mm,pronouncedverticalmigration;notplanktonsensustrictu;visualpredators,fastswimmers,oftenundersampledbecausetheyescapeplanktonnets;importantaspreyforcommercialfish(herring,mackerel,salmon,tuna)andwhales(Antarctica),44,Amphipoda,45,Amphipoda(parasitesofgelatinousplankton),46,47,Euphasids(krill),48,Arthropoda:crustaceanzooplankton,Copepoda:mostabundantzooplanktonintheoceans,“insectsofthesea“;herbivorous,carnivorousandomnivorousspeciesCalanoida:mostofmarineplanktonicspeciesCyclopoida:mostoffreshwaterplanktonicspeciesHarpacticoida:mostlybenthic/near-bottomspeciesCopepoddevelopment:firstsixlarvalstages=nauplius(pl.nauplii),followedbysixcopepoditstages(CItoCVI)Tropicalspeciesdistinctbytheirlongantennaeandsetaeonantennaeandlegs(podi),49,Copepods,50,http:/www.jochemnet.de/fiu/,51,Mollusca:clamsandsnailsproduceshelledveligerlarvae;ciliatedvelumservesforlocomotionandfoodcollectionCirripedia:barnaclesproducenauplii,whichturntocyprisEchinodermata:seaurchins,starfishandseacucumberproducepluteuslarvaeofdifferentshapes,whichturnintobrachiolarialarvae(starfish);metamorphosistoadultisverycomplexPolychaeta:brittlewormsandotherwormsproducetrochophoralarvae,mostlybarrel-shapedwithseveralbandsofcilia,CommonMeroplankton,52,Decapoda:shrimpsandcrabsproducezoalarvae;theyturnintomegalopalarvaeincrabsbeforesettlingtotheseafloorPisces:fisheggsandlarvaereferredtoasichthyoplankton;fishlarvaeretainpartoftheeggyolkinasackbelowtheirbodyuntilmouthandstomacharefullydeveloped,CommonMeroplankton,53,Meroplankton,54,MeroplanktonicLarvae,PlanktotrophicFeedinglarvaeLongerPlanktonicDurationTimesHighdispersalpotentialLecithotrophic(non-feeding)Non-feedinglarvaeShorterplanktonicDurationTimesLowdispersalpotential,55,/wgbh/nova/sharks/island/images/veliger.jpeg,Molluscs:MeroplankonicVeligerlarvaePLANKTOTROPHIC,56,VerticalDistribution,Epipelagic:upper200-300mwatercolumn;highdiversity,mostlysmallandtransparentorganisms;manyherbivoresMesopelagic=3001000m;largerthanepipelagicrelatives;largeformsofgelatinouszooplankton(jellyfish,appendicularians)duetolackofwaveaction;somelargerspecies(krill)partlyherbivorouswithnightlymigrationintoepipelagicregimesOxygenMinimumZone:400800mdepth,accumulationoffecalmaterialduetodensitygradient,attracthighbacterialgrowth,whichinturnattractsmanybacterialandlargergrazers;strong