生态文学批判.doc

1. Romantic Imagining and the Biology of Mindby Karl Kroeber185 pages, paperback, Columbia University Press, 1994Ecological Literary Criticism addresses the ecological and social ideas embodied in the work of the English Romantic poets. By exposing the failure of modern critics to recognize the deepest significance of the romantic poets interest in natural processes, Kroeber demonstrates the importance of developing a more ecologically informed critical approach to literature. It is necessary to emphasize how relatively little and how uncertain was the scientific support in the romantic age for the poets proto-ecological views. Nowadays it is easy for even literary critics to pay casual lip service to ecological ideas. In the early nineteenth century to think of nature as the romantic poets did required an originality that we ought not to undervalue. 2.”song of myself” of Leaves of grass,by Walt Whitman,world press corporation,april.2010 As a representative of romanticism, Walt Whitman develops his contemporary poets view of nature. He respects the earth as Father and the ocean as Mother and compares himself to a blade of grass. Human, in his view,is equal of all the other living beings in the world and they form a unified ecological system. He advocates Rousseaus regression to nature and sings for a simple and wild life.This paper discusses the theme of ecology permeated in Whitmans Song of Myself and the significance of the harmony between Man and Nature in an attempt to enhance the environmental awareness of the public.3 Ernest Hemingways ecological complex:a rereading of the old man and the sea and the bible from the perspective of ecocriticism, chengzhigan,It is the thought about man and nature that hemingway wants to expose profoundly in his work demonstrates that hemingway possesses ecological consciences,which is contradictory,however, what it boils down to is the ecological complexities contained in the bible are the cause of his contradictory ecological conscience which directs the composing of his classical work.4. Romanticism & Ecology ,Henry Salt on Shelley: Literary Criticism and Ecological Identity ,William Stroup, Keene State College 5Sharing Control Henrietta LaStudent ,8th Period Am. Lit ,Mr. Doherty ,10/31/03 ,Literary Analysis Essay6 陆雷;在荒野里永生以生态文学视角解读福克纳小说熊J;苏州教育学院学报;2004年03期7李素杰;生态文学批评美国文学批评理论中的一支新生力量J;北京第二外国语学院学报;2004年02期8.刘蓓;数字化时代的文学生态J;山东文学;2002年10期9朱新福;美国生态文学批评述略J;当代外国文学;2003年01期10杨中举;从自然主义到象征主义和生态主义美国海洋文学述略J;译林;2004年06期My research is about the ecological Literary Criticism.with the human development,more damages have been caused to the liological environment.as a result,many writers have payed more attention and write articles t express their fellings and appeal to all humans to take part in the practice in protecting our motherland.This topic is also designed to explore the relationship between literature and the natural environment. ecological literary criticism is to the earth-centered ideology applied to literary studies to explore the relationship between literature and the natural environmentThis new kind of criticism, ecological literary criticism, sets out to correct the abstractions of current theorizing about literature, and to make humanistic studies more socially responsible.Ecological Literary Criticism asks that we examine poetry from a perspective that assumes that the imaginative acts of cultural beings offer valuable insights into how and why cultural and natural phenomena have interrelated in the past and how they could more advantageously interrelate in the future.Table of Contents of Ecological Literary Criticism1. Introducing Ecological Criticism 2. Feminism and the Historicity of Science 3. Surprised by Nature: Ecology and Cold War Criticism 4. Poetic Ecosystems: Art for Natures Sake 5. Discovering Natures Voice 6. Malthusian Visions 7. Refiguring Reason 8. Shelley: The Socialization of Mind 9. Biology of Mind and the Future of Criticism Quotes from Ecological Literary CriticismPerhaps the most provocative expression of the moral difficulties of a proto-ecological attitude appears in Wordsworths poem Nutting. Critics have observed that the story the poet tells of his expedition in search of hazelnuts . . . is an account of a rape. . . . For example, the clothing with which the young Wordsworth so ostentatiously armors himself against natural hazards manifests an almost military preparedness for his sallying forth. He is garbed for forcing his way through nature. The conventionality of this readiness to fight nature is exposed by the lovely hazel nook, whose pristine charm is realized through linguistic negatives, unvisited, and with not a broken bough, proving that self- protection more . . . than need was reveals young Wordsworth truly unprepared for the beneficence of nature. Not bringing to the grove a heart that watches and receives, the boy could not feel for long the enchantment of the idyllic coppice. He does bring, however, a heart capable of briefly luxuriating in the unspoiled sensual seductiveness of the virgin scene, lying with his cheek on a mossy rock listening to the murmur and murmuring sound of the fairy water breaks of the gentle stream. Then, abruptly, he leaps up and ravages the grove, dragging to earth both branch and bough so that the mossy bower is deformed and sullied. Indubitably the poems language suggests sexual violation . . . Yet the poem would not be so unusual were these suggestions not so firmly embedded within an account of the destruction of a part of the natural world, of a hazel grove. This kind of reading in no way dismisses the purely psychosexual interpretations that have dominated our criticism for two generations. But if we admit that Nutting is first and literally about our relations to the natural world, we will recognize that the poem foregrounds powerful and difficult ethical choices that may be obscured by psychologically universalizing interpretations. Because Wordsworths proto- ecological view of the natural world is necessarily complex and holistic, such choices inevitably call to mind ideas about behavior that connect, if only tangentially, to feelings and attitudes that historically have usually been associated with religious experiences and religious ideals. The romantics sense of responsibility to nature as central to their being socially valuable poets poses difficult issues of responsibility for their critics. Contemporary critics have preferred to dwell on the poets ideological shortcomings or personality quirks rather than to inquire into the social responsibilities of their profession. As I survey the immense body of recent criticism of Nutting, I am troubled by the consistent omission from it of serious concern for the literal circumstances, both of the young poet in the hazel grove and of the older poets writing of his experience there, circumstances that seem to have been of enormous importance to Wordsworth. It is not that all the talk of phallic oedipalism, maternal discourse, and the like is nonsensical. There is something skewed, however, in recent criticisms reluctance to admit how the literal story of the poem raises profound questions about our relation to our physical environment, questions that appear to have played a decisive part in Wordsworths writing of the poem. . . .By denying the importance of external nature in poems such as Nutting, moreover, contemporary critics, while freeing themselves to explore interesting matters of ideology or private psychology, implicitly define both poetry and criticism as socially trivial. . . . It is necessary to emphasize how relatively little and how uncertain was the scientific support in the romantic age for the poets proto-ecological views. Nowadays it is easy for even literary critics to pay casual lip service to ecological ideas. In the early nineteenth century to think of nature as t