翻译选学课(打印件).doc

翻译理论与实践Zhang Yingxian I dont know how many days I have been given to spend，but I do feel my hands are getting empty. My calculations show that more than eight thousand days have already slipped away from ma hands. As water drips from the point of a needle into a great sea，so my days disappear into the stream of time, soundless and traceless，the thought of which sends me into sweat and tears.What has gone is gone for ever, and what comes keeps coming. Why all the hurry between going and coming? When I get up in the morning, the sun has come in through the window and made streaks of light in my small room. He moves soundlessly with my feet. And I simply follow his steps. Thus the day goes from the water basin when I wash the hands; from my bowl when I have meals and before my eyes when I am daydreaming. Feeling its hurry, I reach out my hands to hold it back, but it slips away through my fingers. Hurriedly, it walks over my body and glides past my feet when I lie in bed at night. When I open my eyes and meet the sun again, another day has gone by. With a sigh, I bury my face in my hands. But in the sigh, a new day begins to pass by with the silently moving shadow of the sun.What can I do in a bustling world with time flying quickly? I can only wander about and hurry for nothing. What is left to do besides wandering about during the eight thousand days? Those bygone days have been dispersed like smoke by a breeze or evaporated like mist by a rising sun. What traces have I left behind me? And did I leave any traces at all? Shall I leave the world naked just as I came naked to this world ? it is not fair though: Why should I have made such a trip for nothing. 匆匆（燕子去了，有再来的时候；杨柳枯了，有再青的时候；桃花谢了，有再开的时候。但是，聪明的，你告诉我，我们的日子为什么一去不复返呢？是有人偷了他们罢：那是谁？又藏在何处呢？是他们自己逃走了罢：现在又到了哪里呢？） 我不知道他们给了我多少日子；但我的手确乎是渐渐空虚了。在默默里算着，八千多日子已经从我手中溜去；像针尖上一滴水滴在大海里，我的日子滴在时间的流里，没有声音，也没有影子。我不禁头涔涔而泪潸潸了。 去的尽管去了，来的尽管来着；去来的中间，又怎样地匆匆呢？早上我起来的时候，小屋里射进两三方斜斜的太阳。太阳他有脚啊，轻轻悄悄地挪移了；我也茫茫然跟着旋转。于是洗手的时候，日子从水盆里过去；吃饭的时候，日子从饭碗里过去；默默时，便从凝然的双眼前过去。我觉察他去的匆匆了，伸出手遮挽时，他又从遮挽着的手边过去，天黑时，我躺在床上，他便伶伶俐俐地从我身上跨过，从我脚边飞去了。等我睁开眼和太阳再见，这算又溜走了一日。我掩着面叹息。但是新来的日子的影儿又开始在叹息里闪过了。在逃去如飞的日子里，在千门万户的世界里的我能做些什么呢？只有徘徊罢了，只有匆匆罢了；在八千多日的匆匆里，除徘徊外，又剩些什么呢？过去的日子如轻烟，被微风吹散了，如薄雾，被初阳蒸融了；我留着些什么痕迹呢？我何曾留着像游丝样的痕迹呢？我赤裸裸来到这世界，转眼间也将赤裸裸的回去罢？但不能平的，为什么偏要白白走这一遭啊？ （你聪明的，告诉我，我们的日子为什么一去不复返呢？）Part one About the study of translation Translation is as old as a language itself , probably starting from thousands years ago . I t has been used as an indispensable means of mediation , a useful aid to preaching and teaching , and to the social and culture , and commercial exchanges and mutual understanding between different peoples and different countries . It has become part of human life. The translators role is felt everywhere : not only in literature but also in such areas as science and technology , administration , foreign trade , cultural activities and tourism; not only in a particular country when translation or the oral form of it is called for , but also in such international bodies as the UN and the EEC where the translating and interpreting is part of routine work . Undoubtedly the importance of translation does not seem to have received the enough attention from the academic world .It is first step to clear understanding of the following basic issues:1) Why do we need to study translation ?2) What is the nature of translation ?3) What are the criteria for adequate and acceptable translation?4) What are the problems which a translator ought to be able to recognize and resolve in order to produce a satisfactory translation?The 21th century has been called “ the age of translation” , with rapid increase of economic contact and cultural exchange between peoples , the significance of translation has been recognized by more attached to the study of translation theories and practice. What is more , at the turn of the century , the whole world has become a globe village , in which people change their ideas and information through all kinds of means- telephones ,computers ,internet and so on ,such advanced scientific communication will improve translation and needs translation and bring it into the use of socialist construction . The Chinese translators and the experts of translation will work hard and try their utmost to make progress in the study of translation theories and the history of translation and make some comparative study between the history of translation in China and that in the west countries.2. What is translation If you want to study translation, to study the laws of translation to improve the quality, at first you have to understand what is translation, what is the function of translation, in what circumstances translation is needed , we have to study some theories of translation.1).The process of communication of thought Translation is a large activity of people in the language communication. In order to make clear about the purpose and the functions of translation, first we will discuss how people have the communication of language of thought , the communication is carried on in the following three situations:A. Intralingual communicationFor example, a and b want to have communication, in this case, a is source(s), expressing his idea _original thought (TO) in language(L); this is massage(M) ,b is receptor(R),recieving his massage and proeducing another language (also called acquired thought)(Ta). A (L) B To M Ta S R B can understand the message from A, they succeeded in communication .From the example, communication of thought is carried on in language so that language is the media of communication, but here you have to understand each other and know the same language. This is called intralingual communication.B. Interlingual communicationFor example, a is English, c is Chinese, they cannot understand each other , here b can understand the both languages, and can express their ideas again, this is called reproduced message, (Mr) so that c can under a and this is called reproduced thought,(Tr).A (SL) (SL) B (TL) (TL) C To M Ta Mr Tr S R Sr RrTr = To, then c can understand a, communication is succeeded. In the process, is the translator he is the original receptor, but also Sr, through the translation in communication, that is called interlingual communication. The process from M -Mr is the process of translation . (acquired thought) M Ta Mr (message) (reproduced massage) (receptor)R Sr(source receptor) So translation (from M to Mr) builds up a bridge for the communication of thought. B is Rr can get To from M to Mr. But the process of the translation is more completed. from the view of sociolinguistics, languages can not be seperated from the society and culture, different language speakers are in different cultural background, so this is also called intercultural communication. In our translation course , we will discuss later.C. Mass communication SL readers SL To M TL readers Ta Mr R SR2.The definitions of the translation1) 翻译是人类交流思想过程中沟通不同语言的桥梁，使通晓不同的语言的人通过原文的重新表达而进行思想交流。 翻译是把一种语言（即原语的信息）用另一种语言（即译语）表达出来，使译文读者能得到原作者所表达的思想，得到与原作者大致相同得感受。2) Guo Moruo :Translation is creative work. Good translation is as good as writing and may be even better than the original.3) F. Tytler: a. the version must be a perfect, reproduction of the original thought of the author . 译文完全复写出原文的思想。b. The style of writing must be in accord with the features of the original译文的风格和笔调应与原文的性质相同。c. The version must be as smooth and expressive as the original.译文应和原文同样流畅。4）.Yanfus faithfulness , expressiveness and elegancesleeping under the willow trees with flowersvisited the brothels context5）Lu Xun: It is rather more faithful than smoothness.the whole sky spangled gay twinkling stars, and the Milky Way is as distinct as though it had been washed and rubbed with snow for holiday.整个天空点缀着繁星，快乐地眨眼。天河那么清楚地显现出来，就好象有人在过节以前用雪把它擦洗过似的。5） Fu Lei stressed the “spiritual resemblance”, namely, alike not only in form but also in spirit or essence. This norm led the translation in China to a new level.6） Qian Zhongshu established the new norms “reaching the acme of perfection”Part two Cultural difference, Thought Patterns and Translation1. The comparative studies of language cultures between English and Chinese1) Language plays a very important role in human activities, and people can not exist without it. From time immerol , people tried their best to make research on it and appeared many kinks of schools of linguistics. Generally speaking, two traditional schools: 1.Philological tradition, 2. Anthropological tradition. Later Leonard Bloomfield (布龙菲尔德) created structure(结构主义) and Noam Chomskey(乔姆斯基).LANGUAGE IS CONSIDEERED AS special and remote one crossing civilization and natural science with the methods of study on language systems. In the 20th century, American linguists Franz (鲍阿斯)and Edward Sapir(萨丕尔) emphasized the social characters of languages, which can not be separated from the society so as to spur the appearance of ethnolinguistics(文化语言学) expressing the ideas that cross-languages is involved in the language systems as well as in the systems of culture. In the study of language and culture, there are two ideas: one is “ language and culture” and the other is “ language in culture”, but there are some contradictions in it, in order to solve them some linguists put forward the ideas of dividing it into two fields: big culture and small culture illustrated below: Language Big culture Other cultural phenomena Culture Small culture() language Non-language culture1) Linguistic sign语言符号 and semantic reference语义指代We divide the process of communication into two lays to show the relationship of language and culture : presentational level 表现层次and thinking level 思维层次illustrated below: presentational level linguistic sign semantic reference 表现层次 语言符号 语义指代 Thinking level linguistic structure cultural structure 思维层次 语言结构 文化结构 In communication, linguistic sign and semantic reference are combined through linguistic structure and cultural structure of thinking level. From the illustration, one can not say the well-understanding of linguistic sign means the good-comprehension of the meaning of linguistic sign, you have to master the cultural structure of the language. For example: colors , numbers , animals and so on.1 Family谱系 Chinese belongs to Sino-Tibetan family including 400 languages and dialects and is formed and popularly used from time immemorial . English is one of the members of Indo-European family which consists of 12 small language families and about hundreds of languages. All most half of the populations in the world use it as their mother tongue and also is the most popular language.2. Type类型Chinese is called analytic(分析形) language and has no inflection(屈折变化). The Chinese noun has no plural forms(形式) and the verbs can not have any changes to denote the different tenses , and has no gender changes, the Chinese sentences are combined according to word order(语序) and empty words(虚词), for example: Chinese is also considered as agglutinative(粘着型 ) language with the agglutination of word elements, for example: 光/明光明光明正大； 打/击打击打击犯罪分子English is an analytic and synthetic language( 综合型), which specializes in or order and auxiliary, for example : “He works well “ but you cannot say “ Works he well” , but you can change the order “ Well he works”.English is synthetic language with rich inflections.3. Writing system文字系统Chinese belongs to ideographic(表意) language and English an alphabetic(拼音) one.1).Chinese has three forms of pictographs(象形), associative character(会意),and indicative character(指事) ,for examples: 雨 rain,山 mountain, 虫 worm, 果 fruit, 弓 bow, 小 small. This is called pictograph.（用与客体相似的符号表示） 高 high or tall, 上 above,下 below, is called indicative character.（用相关的符号表示） 森 forest, 祭 is meat, is hand, means worship, the word means worship the God with meat . 品 consisting of three口means too talkative or criticize. this result in the association with the signs is called associative character.（与符号起联想作用的）。2) Phonetic- pictographic forms（形声字）: 烤 is combined with火and考，评is bound with言and平3) Phonetics: Chinese language elements have two types-vowels and consonants and are a tone language(声调)with 4 tones(阴 ), (阳 ),(上 ), (去 ). But English is an intonation language and its words have stressed syllables, unstressed syllables and secondly stressed syllable.4)Thought PatternsSome linguists hold that the Chinese texts are developed in an inductive way while the English ones are developed in a deductive ways. They contribute this difference to the thought patterns of the two peoples. According to the text analysts there are five thought patterns in the world and they may illustrated by a diagrams below The oriental The EnglishThe Arab(Semitic)The Russian The idea held by English speakers is that where is the arguments going? Whereas the idea held by Chinese speaker is that where the arguments coming from?. 4. Cultural differences between Chinese and EnglishCulture is the whole thing which is created by thought and the process together with the material property and the spirit property. A nation has its language and its own culture. And the language is the part of the culture and reflects all the culture just like mirror as well as a window through which you can see some content of culture which the language can lie in, and also like a life spring of languages . From the angle of linguistics, language is not only reflection but also the useful tool of mastering a culture.Every nation has its own culture which is formed in a certain natural circumstances, history. Geography and reality of the society. You have to get familiar with speciality of the culture and difference between the other cultures.1) The background of the cultureChina has a long history of agriculture and many people are engaged in it so as to created many proverbs:骨瘦如柴 be lean as rake对牛谈琴 cast pearl before swine.滚石不生苔 a rolling stone gathers no moss.Many hands makes light work. Drawing water in a bamboo basket means drawing nothing.To fish in the air(白费力) To drink like fish To be at the end of ones rope English people like sailing and their primitive people were all from all tribes of periods who came long way from through sailing the other countries so they have many kinds of proverbs of sailingAll at sea n.茫然不知, 迷惑 All hands to the pumps 航海全体船员参加抽水 人人出力人人参加(斗争等) Be taken aback v.吃惊Raise the wind v.筹款With flying colors adv.出色地big fish ( cool fish), 冷静而大胆的家伙, 脸皮厚的人,怪人dull fish 言语无味的人,头脑迟钝的家伙fresh fish, 美, 黑新囚犯, 青年囚犯loose fish n.(道德上)放荡的家伙,产完卵的鱼,未包装的鱼odd fish n.古怪的人,怪人poor fish 愚蠢而又可怜的家伙shy fishhoist your sail when the wind is fair.A small leak will sink a great ship.。2）风俗上的不同(Different in customs) Chinese people and English people say: “I love you with my heart.”. But Eugene. A Nida say that The African people say: I love with my liver, love with my stomach, and even more , love with my throat.Some people who know a little English just introduce his wife to the foreigners with the English word “ lover”. The foreigners are always surprised to hear that because lover in English does not mean wife in the meaning of Chinese. There are also some other examples to the it:The Chinese people think that龙 is a kind of good image of animals some sayings are the followings 望子成龙 龙凤呈祥People in the West countries have the different ideas about it.Put on the dog v.摆架子Teach the dog to bark 教狗怎么叫(意指多此一举)Stay until the last dog is hung Every dog has his day. An old dog barks not in vain. The dog that fetch will carry.Barking dogs seldom bite Love me , love my dog. As sick as a cat 狗胆包天狗急跳墙 狗腿子 狗熊 狗头军师3）Different imagesHuman beings have so many overlaps , eg. as white as snow ,as cunning as foxes, But being restricted by the objective conditions ,different people have different metaphor in the description of the sane meaning for examples: CHINESE PEOPLE SAY:一箭双雕，Germany 一掌双蝇，Russian people say 一石双兔，Chinese say山中无老虎，猴子称霸王, English say In the land of blind, the one-eyed man is king. As timid s a rabbit Like a duck to water 如鱼得水 As plentiful as blackberries At a stones throw To fish in the air Remain a dead letter Half-baked As stupid as goose Dumb as an oyster 沉默不语 Black sheep n.害群之马, 败家子To spend money like water 挥金如土Drunk as a sa