英语写作 如何写summaryppt课件

.,SummaryWriting,英语七班吕静,.,DefinitionandfeaturesofasummaryUsesofsummarywritingProceduresofwritingasummary,.,WhatisSummary?,Asummaryisabriefrestatementoftheessentialthoughtofalongercomposition.Itreproducesthethemeoftheoriginalwithasfewwordsaspossible.Whenonewritesasummary,oneshouldnotinterpretorcomment.Allonehastodoistogivethegistoftheauthorsexactandessentialmeaning.,缩写是对一篇文章的主题思想的简单陈述。它用最简洁的语言概括了原文的主题。,.,FeaturesofSummary,BrevityObjectivityCompleteness,.,Usesofsummarywriting,Summarywritingisaverygoodexerciseforimprovingreadingcomprehension.Somestudentsreadcarelessly,andgainonlyavagueideaofwhattheyhaveread.Summarywritingcanforcethemtotrytounderstandwhattheyread,becausesummarizingrequiresonetoreadwiththemind,aswellaswiththeeye,onthepage.,.,Usesofsummarywriting,Summarywritingisalsohelpfultocompositionwriting.Whenwritingasummary,onehastoworkwithinstrictlimits.Onemustexpressacertainmeaninginafixednumberofwords.Soitisimportanttochoosewordscarefully,tomakesentenceswithaccuracyandbrevity,andtowritewithsummaryinlogicalorder.,.,Usesofsummarywriting,Summarywritinghaspracticaluses.Theabilitytograspquicklyandaccuratelywhatisread,orheard,andtoreproduceitinaclearandconcisewayisofgreatvaluetopeopleofmanyprofessions.,.,Proceduresofwritingasummary,a.Readingb.Writingc.Revision,.,Reading,Firstreadthepassagethroughcarefullytogetthegistofit.ifreadingitonceisnotsufficienttogiveyouaclearunderstandingofit,readitoveragain.Themoreyoureadit,themorefamiliartoyouwillbeitssubject,andwhatissaidaboutthesubject.认真阅读给定的原文材料。如果一遍不能理解，就多读两遍。阅读次数越多，你对原文的理解就越深刻。,.,Giveatitletoyoursummary.Thinkofsomeword,phraseorshortsentencethatwillsumupbrieflythemainideaofthepassage.Sometimeswhatiscalledatopicsentencemaybeused.Thetopicsentencemaybefoundatthebeginningorattheendofthepassage.Tofindasuitabletitlewillhelpyoutodefinewhatexactlythesubject,ormaintheme,ofthepassageis.给缩写起一个标题。用那些能概括文章主题思想的单词、短语或短句子作为标题。也可以采用文中的主题句作为标题。主题句往往出现在文章的开头或结尾。一个好标题有助于确定文章的中心思想。,Reading,.,Youshouldnowbeinapositiontodecidewhatpartsofthepassageareessentialandwhatpartsarecomparativelyunimportantandcanbeomittedwithoutmuchloss现在，就该决定原文中哪些部分重要，哪些部分次重要了。对重要部分的主要观点进行概括。,Reading,.,Jotdowninbriefnotesthemainpoints-thesubject,thetitle,andthedetailswhichyouconsideressentialorimportant.简要地记下主要观点主题、标题、细节等你认为对概括缩写重要的东西。,Reading,.,Writing,Asummaryshouldusuallybeaboutone-thirdtoone-fourthaslongastheoriginalpassage.Socountthenumberofwordsinthepassageanddivideitbythree.Youmayusefewerwordsthanthenumberprescribed,butinnocasemayyouexceedthelimit.缩写应该只有原文的三分之一或四分之一长。因此首先数一下原文的字数，然后除以三，得到一个数字。缩写的字数可以少于这个数字，但是千万不能超过这个数字。,.,Writing,Thesummaryshouldbeallinyourownwords.Itmustnotbeapatchworkmadeupofphrasesandsentencesquotedfromtheoriginalpassage.缩写应全部用自己的话完成。不要引用原文的句子。,.,Writing,Youshouldfollowthelogicalorderoftheoriginalpassage,ifpossible(anddesirable).Ideasandfactsneednotberearranged.应该遵循原文的逻辑顺序。这样你就不必重新组织观点、事实。,.,Writing,Thesummaryshouldbeself-contained,thatis,itmustconveythemessageoftheoriginalfullyandclearly,sothatyourreaderneednoreferencetotheoriginaltounderstandwhatitsmainideasare.缩写必须全面、清晰地表明原文所载的信息，以便你的读者不需翻阅原文就可以完全掌握材料的原意。,.,Writing,Summarywritingisanexerciseincompression.Inwritingasummary,youmay:缩写时可以采用下列几种小技巧：,.,Writingskill,Omitthedetails.Onlytheimportantpointsshouldbeincludedinthesummary;allthedetailsthatexplainthemainpointscanbeleftout.删除细节。只保留主要观点。,.,Writingskill,Reducetheexamples.Outoffiveorsixexamplesgivenintheoriginalpassageoneortwomaybechosenforthesummary;therestaretobeomitted.选择一至两个例子。原文中可能包括5个或更多的例子，你只需从中筛选一至二个例子。,.,Writingskill,Simplifythedescriptions.Ifinthepassagetherearetensentencesdescribingapersonoranobject,itwillbeenoughtokeeponeortwointhesummary.把长段的描述变成短小、简单的句子。如果材料中描述某人或某事用了十个句子，那么你只要把它们变成一两句即可。,.,Writingskill,Eliminateallrepetitions.Sometimesastatementisrepeatedforemphasis.Thisisnotnecessaryinasummary.Sometimesanideaisrepeatedindifferentwords.Suchaveiledrepetitionshouldalsobeavoided.避免重复。在原文中，为了强调某个主题，可能会重复论证说明。但是这在缩写中是不能使用的。应该删除那些突出强调的重述句。,.,Writingskill,Compresswordysentencesandchangephrasestowords.Hereareafewexamples:压缩长的句子。如下列两例：,.,Writingskill,“Hiscourageinbattlemightwithoutexaggerationbecalledlion-like.”可以概括为：”Hewasverybraveinbattle.”“Hewashardupformoneyandwasbeingpressedbyhiscreditor.”可以概括为：“Hewasinfinancialdifficulties.”,.,Writingskill,Youmayalsomakephrasesdotheworkofclausesorsentences.Hereisanexample:你还可以使用词组代替整句或者从句。请看下面的例子：,.,Writingskill,“BeautifulmountainslikeMountTai,LushanMountain,andMountHuang,werevisitedbyonlyafewpeopleinthepast.Today,betterwages,holidayswithpay,newhotelsonthesemountains,andbettertrainandbusservices,havebroughtthemwithinreachofmanywhoneverthoughtofvisitingthemtenyearsago.”可以概括为：”BeautifulmountainslikeMountTai,oncevisitedbyonlyafewpeople,aretodayaccessibletomany,thankstobetterwages,paidholidays,newhotelsandbettertransportationservices.”,.,Writingskill,Usegeneralwordsinsteadofspecificwords.Hereisanexample:使用概括性的名词代替具体的词，比如：,.,Writingskill,“ShebroughthomeseveralChineseandEnglishnovels,afewcopiesofTimeandNewsweekandsometextbooks.Sheintendedtoreadallofthemduringthewintervocation.”可以概括为：”Shebroughthomealotofbookstoreadduringthevocation.”,.,Writingskill,Usetheshortestpossibletransitions.Forexample,but,then,thus,yet,andfor,canbeusedinplaceoflongertransitionslikeatthesametime,ontheotherhand,etc.Oftenthesemi-coloncantaketheplaceofatransitionalwordorphrase.使用最短的连接词。比如，可以使用but,then,thus,yet,though，不能使用atthesametime,inthefirstplace,becauseofthese,ontheotherhand等较长的连接词。通常，使用分号就能够达成使用连接词的效果。,.,Writingskill,Putthemainpointsofadialogueinindirectspeech.Thisisadvisablebecauseindirectspeechcanbemadeverybriefwhileitisdifficulttoabridgedialogues.Hereisanexample:文章中的第一人称说的话通常在缩写中转换成第三人称，从而把大段的对白简化，比如：,.,Writingskill,KatelookedatPauldisapprovingly:Youusemuchtoomuchsaltonyourfood,Paulitsnotgoodforyou!”Paulputdownhisknifeandfrowned:”Whyonearthnot!Ifyoudidnthavesaltonyourfooditwouldtasteawfullikeeatingcardboardorsandjustimaginebreadwithoutsaltinit,orpotatoesorpastacookedwithoutsalt!”Katewaspatient.ShedidntwanttoquarrelwithPaul.Shewantedtopersuadehim.Shesaidfirmly:”Buttoomuchsaltisbadforyou.Itcausehighbloodpressureandlatteron,heart-attacks.Italsodisguisesthetasteoffood,therealtasteswhicharemuchmoresubtlethansalt,andwhichwehavel