Cultural Patterns跨文化交际的文化模式

.,InterculturalCommunication,X.CulturalPatterns,.,CulturalPatterns,.,1.DefiningCulturalPatterns,Peopleandculturesareextremelycomplexandconsistofnumerousinterrelatedculturalorientations.Ausefulumbrellatermthatallowsustotalkaboutbeliefsandvaluesandotherorientationscollectivelyisculturalpatterns.,.,1.DefiningCulturalPatterns,Youshouldthinkofculturalpatternsasasystemofbeliefsandvaluesthatworkincombinationtoprovideacoherent,ifnotalwaysconsistent,modelforperceivingtheworld.Thesepatternscontributenotonlytothewayapeopleperceiveandthinkabouttheworld,butjustasimportantlyforourpurposes,themannerinwhichtheyliveinthatworld.,.,2.ObstaclesInStudyingCulturalPatterns,Wearemuchmorethanourculture.Thedominantvaluesofaculturemaynotbethevaluesofindividualswithinthatculture.Factorsasdivergentasage,gender,andco-culturalaffiliations,alongwith“socioeconomicstatue,educationallevel,occupation,personalexperience”alsoshapeyourviewofyourenvironment.,.,2.ObstaclesInStudyingCulturalPatterns,HeterogeneityInfluencesCulturalPatterns.Anyattempttodelineateanationalcultureortypicalculturalpatternsforanycultureisextremelyhazardousbecauseoftheheterogeneityofalmostallsocieties.Commonculturalpatternsthatcouldbesaidtoholdforthewholecountrymustbelimitedtothedominantcultureineachcountry.,.,2.ObstaclesInStudyingCulturalPatterns,CulturalPatternsChange.Cultureschangeandthereforesodothevaluesoftheculture.However,evengrantingthedynamicnatureofcultureandvaluesystems,weagainremindyouthatregardlessofculture,thedeepstructuresalwaysresistchange.,.,2.ObstaclesInStudyingCulturalPatterns,CulturalPatternsAreOftenContradictory.Inmanyinstances,wefindcontradictoryvaluesinaparticularculture.Thatis,thereisoftenagulfbetweenthevaluesthatarearticulatedandthevaluesthatareactedout.,.,2.ObstaclesInStudyingCulturalPatterns,CulturalPatternsAreInterrelated.Thepatternsdonotoperateinisolationtheyareinterrelatedandintegrated.CulturalPatternsArepointslyingonacontinuum.Therationaleisasimpleoneculturaldifferencesareusuallyamatterofdegrees.,.,3.DiverseCulturalPatterns,HofstedesValueDimensionsTheKluckhohnsandStrodtbecksValueOrientationsHallsHigh-ContextandLow-ContextOrientationsTing-ToomeysResearchonFaceandFacework,.,3.1HofstedesValueDimensions,.,3.1.1Individualism/Collectivism,“I”Consciousness“人们不哀鸣虑忧，他们尽力迈步向前，他们不等待别人援助，他们自助；他们不等待机会，他们制造机会。”“你该牢记，你们的出路就在你的脚下。在你认为出路是在别处或别人身上时，你是要失败的。”“你的机会，你的成功就包裹在你的人格中，你的成功是在你自己的生命中；正像未来的栎树隐伏在栎子之中一样。你的成功就是你的自我之演进，开展和表现。”林语堂，1990,.,3.1.1Individualism/Collectivism,“We”Consciousness“Ifonewantstoestablishhimself,heshouldhelpotherstoestablishthemselvesatfirst.”“夫仁者，己欲立而立人，己欲达而达人。能近取譬，可谓仁之方也已。”论语雍也“独夫为我，即曰贪贼；能近取譬，即曰仁义。”章炳麟菌说，1899,.,3.1.2UncertaintyAvoidance,High-uncertaintyavoidanceculturestrytoavoiduncertaintyandambiguitybyprovidingstabilityfortheirmembers,establishingmoreformalrules,nottoleratingdeviantideasandbehaviors,seekingconsensus,andbelievinginabsolutetruthsandtheattainmentofexpertise.Low-uncertaintyavoidancecultureseasilyaccepttheuncertaintyinherentinlifeandarenotasthreatenedbydeviantpeopleandideas,sotheytoleratetheunusual.,.,3.1.3PowerDistance,Thepremiseofthedimensiondealswiththeextenttowhichasocietyacceptsthatpowerinrelationships,institution,andorganizationsisdistributedunequally.Peopleinhigh-power-distancecountriesbelievethatpowerandauthorityarefactsoflifeSocialhierarchyisprevalentandinstitutionalizesinequality.Topeopleinlow-power-distancecountries,ahierarchyisaninequalityofrolesestablishedforconvenience.,.,3.1.4Masculinity/Femininity,Masculinityistheextenttowhichthedominantvaluesinasocietyaremaleorientedandisassociatedwithsuchbehaviorsasambition,differentiatedsexroles,achievement,theacquisitionofmoney,andsignsofmanliness.Culturesthatvaluefemininityasatraitstresscaringandnurturingbehaviors.Afeminineworldviewmaintainsthatmenneednotbeassertiveandthattheycanassumenurturingroles;italsopromotessexualequalityandholdthatpeopleandtheenvironmentareimportant.,.,3.1.5Long/ShortTermOrientation,.,3.2HallsHigh-ContextandLow-ContextOrientations,Hallcategorizesculturesasbeingeitherhighorlowcontext,dependingonthedegreetowhichmeaningcomesfromthesettingsorfromthewordsbeingexchanged.Halldefinescontextas“theinformationthatsurroundsanevent;itisinextricablyboundupwiththemeaningoftheevent.”,.,3.2.1High-Context,Ahighcontext(HC)communicationormessageisoneinwhichmostoftheinformationisalreadyintheperson,whileverylittleisinthecoded,explicitlytransmittedpartofthemessage.Inhigh-contextcultures,peopleareveryhomogeneouswithregardtoexperiences,informationnetworks,andthelike.High-contextcultures,becauseoftraditionandhistory,changeverylittleovertime.,.,3.2.1High-Context,“Formostnormaltransactionsindailylifetheydonotrequire,nordotheyexpect,muchin-depth,backgroundinformation”.Meaning,therefore,isnotnecessarilycontainedinwords.Informationisprovidedthroughgestures,theuseofspace,andevensilence.Meaningisalsoconveyed“throughstatue(age,sex,education,familybackground,title,andaffiliations)andthroughanindividualsinformalfriendsandassociates.”,.,3.2.1High-Context,High-contextculturestendtobemoreawareoftheirsurroundingsandtheirenvironmentanddonotrelyonverbalcommunicationastheirmaininformationchannel.Inhigh-contextcultures,somuchinformationisavailableintheenvironmentthatitisunnecessarytoverbalizeeverything.,.,3.2.2Low-Context,Alowcontext(LC)communicationisjusttheopposite;i.e.,themassoftheinformationisvestedintheexplicitcode.Inlow-contextcultures,thepopulationislesshomogeneousandthereforetendstocompartmentalizeinterpersonalcontacts.Thislackofalargepoolofcommonexperiencesmeansthat“eachtimetheyinteractwithotherstheyneeddetailedbackgroundinformation.”,.,3.2.2Low-Context,Inlow-contextcultures,theverbalmessagecontainsmostoftheinfor