高中英语构词法专题

高中英语构词法专题一、转化法英语构词法中把一种词性用作另一种词性而词形不变的方法叫作转化法，有的名词可以作动词，有的形容词可以作副词或动词。 1、动词转化为名词 1）意思没有变化，例如：I think wed better finish the talk now.我想我们的谈话最好现在结束。 2）意思有一定变化，例如：He is a man of strong build.他是一个体格健壮的汉子。 3）构成短语，例如：Lets have a look first. 我们先看一下吧。2、名词转化为动词1）表示物体的，如：Have you booked the ticket? 你订好票了吗?2）表示身体部位的，如：Hand in your papers please. 请把你们的试卷交上来。3）表示一类人的，如：She nursed her husband back to health. 她看护丈夫，使他恢复了健康。4）抽象名词，如：We breakfasted together. 我们在一起吃了早餐。3、形容词转化为动词少数形容词可以转化为动词。例如：We will try our best to better our living conditions. 我们要尽力改善我们的生活状况。4、副词转化为动词有少数副词可以转化为动词。例如：Murder will out. 恶事终必将败露。5、形容词转化为名词1）表示颜色的形容词常可转化为名词，如：The girl in black appears very beautiful. 那个穿黑衣服的女孩子看上去非常漂亮。2）一些形容词如old, young, poor, rich, wounded, injured等与the连用，表示一类人，作主语时，谓语用复数，如：We dont belong to the rich, but we dont belong to the poor either. 我们不是有钱人，但我们也不是穷人。二、派生法英语构词法中在词根前面加前缀或在词根后面加后缀，从而构成一个与原单词意义相近或截然相反的新词的方法叫作派生法。 1、前缀 除少数英语前缀外，前缀一般改变单词的意义，不改变词性；英语后缀一般改变词类，而不引起词义的变化。 (1) 表示否定意义的前缀常用的有dis-, il-, im-, in-, ir-, mis-, non-, un-等，在单词的前面加这类前缀常构成与该词意义相反的新词。例如： agree同意disagree不同意 legal合法的illegal 非法的possible可能的impossible不可能的 valid有效的invalid无效的regular 规则的irregular 不规则的 take 拿、带mistake 错误stop停止nonstop 直达的 fair公平的unfair不公平的 (2) 表示其他意义的前缀常用的有a-(多构成表语形容词), anti- (反对；抵抗), auto- (自动), co- (共同), en- (使), inter- (互相), re- (再；又), sub- (下面的；次；小), tele- (强调距离)等。例如： part 部分apart分离的 Japanese日本 anti-Japanese 抗日mobile移动的 automobile汽车 operate操作 cooperate 合作large大的 enlarge 使变大 write书写rewrite 重写way道路subway 地铁 scope范围 telescope 望远镜active活跃的interactive 互动的 write书写rewrite 重写2、后缀单词加后缀也是英语构词的一种重要方法。后缀通常会改变单词的词性，构成意义相近的其他词性；少数后缀还会改变词义，变为与原来词义相反的新词。下面仅作简单介绍。 (1) 构成名词的后缀常用的有-ence，-(e)r/ -or (从事某事的人),-ese (某地人)，-ess (雌性)，-ian (精通的人)，-ist (专业人员)，-ment (性质；状态)，-ness (性质；状态)，-tion(动作；过程)等。例如： differ不同于difference区别 depend依靠dependence依靠 write写writer作家 act扮演 actor演员 China中国Chinese中国人 Japan日本Japanese日本人 act表演actress女演员 host 男主人hostess女主人 music音乐musician音乐家 magic有魔力的 magician魔术师art 艺术artist艺术家 science科学 scientist科学家 move移动movement 运动 develop发展development发展careful认真的 carefulness 认真 kind友好的 kindness友好、和善invite邀请 invitation邀请 educate教育 education教育(2) 构成动词的后缀常用的有-(e)n (多用于形容词之后)，-fy (使化)，-ize (使成为)。例如：wide 宽的widen加宽 sharp锋利的sharpen使变锋利beauty美丽beautify美化 pure纯净的purify提纯real真实的realize意识到 organ器官organize组织(3) 构成形容词的后缀常用的有-al，-able (有能力的)，-(a)n(某国人的)，-en (多用于表示材料的名词后)，-ern (方向的)，-ese(某国人的)，-ful，-(ic)al，-ish，-ive，-less (表示否定)，-like (像的)，-ly，-ous，-some，-y (表示天气)等。例如： nature自然natural自然的 fate 命运fatal致命的 reason道理reasonable有道理的 comfort舒适 comfortable舒服的 America美国American美国的 Canada加拿大 Canadian加拿大人的gold金子golden金的 wood木头 wooden木头的east东eastern东方的 north北方northern北方的 China中国Chinese中国人的 Japan日本Japanese日本的use 用处 useful有用的 help帮助 helpful有帮助的 music音乐musical音乐的 physics物理physical物理的、身体的 child孩子childish孩子气的 self自我 selfish自私的product产品productive多产的 attract吸引attractive引人注目的care关心 careless粗心的 use使用 useless无用的dream梦想 dreamlike像梦一样的 war战争warlike 好战的 friend朋友friendly友好的 cost成本 costly昂贵的danger危险 dangerous危险的 poison毒药poisonous有毒的trouble麻烦 troublesome 棘手的 tire疲惫 tiresome烦人的snow雪snowy雪的 rain雨水 rainy多雨的(4) 构成副词的后缀常用有-ly (主要用于形容词之后表示方式或程度)，-ward(s) (主要用于表示方位的词之后表示方向)。例如： angry生气的angrily生气地 happy幸福的 happily 快乐地 to到towards朝，向 up上 upwards朝上 east东方eastward向东 back后面 backward向后(5)构成数词的后缀常见的构成数词的后缀有-teen (十几)，-ty (几十)，-th (构成序数词)。例如：six六sixteen十六sixteenth第十六four四forty四十fortieth第四十三、合成法英语构词法中把两个单词连在一起合成一个新词，前一个词修饰或限定后一个词，这样的方法就是合成法。 1、合成名词名词名词：weekend周末名词动词：daybreak黎明名词动名词：handwriting书法名词及物动词eror： pain-killer止痛药名词介词名词：sister-in-law嫂子代词名词：she-wolf母狼动词名词：typewriter打字机动名词名词：reading-room阅览室现在分词名词：flying-fish飞鱼形容词名词：freshman大一新生副词动词：outlook景色，风光介词名词：after-brain后脑 2、合成形容词 名词形容词：blood-red血红的 名词现在分词：French-speaking讲法语的 名词to名词：one-to-one一对一的 名词过去分词：man-made人造的 数词名词：one-way单行道的 数词名词形容词：three-year-old三岁的 数词名词ed： ten-storeyed十层的 动词副词：one-off 一次性的 形容词名词：high-quality高质量的 形容词名词ed： noble-minded高尚的 形容词形容词：light-green浅绿色的 形容词现在分词：ordinary-looking相貌一般的 副词形容词：ever-green常青的 副词现在分词：hard-working辛勤的 副词过去分词：well-known著名的 副词名词：fast-food专门提供快餐服务的 介词名词：indoor室内的 3、合成动词 名词动词：sleep-walk梦游 形容词动词：white-wash粉刷 副词动词：overwhelm压倒，制服 4、合成副词 形容词名词：hotfoot匆忙地 形容词副词：everywhere到处 副词副词：however尽管如此 介词名词：beforehand事先 介词副词：forever永远 5、合成代词 代词宾格self： herself 她自己 物主代词self： myself 我自己 形容词名词：anything 一切 6、合成介词 副词名词：outside在外面 介词副词：within在之内 副词介词：into进入四、截短法(缩略法) 将单词缩写，词义和词性保持不变的英语构词法称为截短法，主要有截头、去尾、截头去尾等形式。 1、截头 telephone phone airplane plane 2、去尾 mathematics maths examination exam kilogram kilo laboratory lab taxicab taxi 3、截头去尾 influenza flu refrigerator fridge prescription script五、混合法(混成法)英语构词还可以将两个词混合或各取一部分紧缩而成一个新词，前半部分表属性，后半部分表主体。这样的英语构词法就是混合法。 news broadcast newscast新闻广播 television broadcast telecast电视播送 smoke and fog smog烟雾 photo and graphy photography摄影，摄影术 helicopter airport heliport直升飞机场六、首尾字母缩略法 用单词首尾字母组成一个新词的英语构词法叫做首尾字母缩略法。这种形式的英语构词生成的新词，读音主要有两种形式，即各字母分别读音；作为一个单词读音。 Testing of English as a Foreign Language TOEFL托福 Teach English as a Foreign Language TEFL将英语作为外语进行教学 Teach English as a Second Language TESL将英语作为第二语言进行教学 Graduate Record Examination GRE美国研究生入学考试Voice of America VOA 美国之音British Broadcasting Company BBC 英国广播公司专题巩固练习Part A: 根据构词法知识选择正确答案。1. That man was _enough not to tell the manager that he would not do the job.A. care B. carefulC. carelessD. carelessness2. The soldier died for saving the child，so his_ is heavier than Mount Tai.A. dieB. deadC. diedD. death3. The child looked _at his brother who was badly wounded.A. sadlyB. sadnessC. saddenD. sad4. He is an expert at chemistry. We all call him a _.A. chemistryB. chemical C. chemistD. physician5. The three- _chair isnt suitable for a young child. He may fall off.A. leggingB. leggedC. legsD. leged6. Stephenson became the_ railway engineer in the world.A. lead B. leaderC. leadingD. leadership7. When the teacher praised him for working out the maths problem，Jack looked_ about at his classmates.A. proudB. proudlyC. prideD. pridely8. To everyones _，the girl finished the job quite well.A. satisfiedB. satisfactory C. satisfyingD. satisfaction9.What are you doing here?Oh，my teacher asked me to write a passage about _in English.You can write_ passage in English?A. 600 words；a 600-words B. 600-word；a 600-wordsC. 600 words；a 600-word D. 600 words；a 600-words10. No one should enter the spot without the_ of the police.A. permitB. permission C. permittingD. permittence11. You must come with us to the police _.Our head is waiting for you.A. headquartersB. headline C. headmasterD. headache12.Letting that animal escape was no accident；you did it _.A. intendB. intention C. intentionally D. intentional13. The shop owner welcomed all the guests with a_ smile.A. practiceB. practice C. practicalD. practiced14. The_ ordered him to pay a $100 fine.A. judgerB. judgment C. judgeD. judgement15. My TV is out of order. Can you tell me the_ news about Iraq War? A. latelyB. latest C. laterD. latter16. The Great Wall is more than 6000 li in _.A. longerB. length C. longD. longing17.To my _，I passed the exam easily.A. joyB. joyful C. joylessD. joyness18. Canada is mainly an_ country.A. English-speaking B. speak-English C. spoken-EnglishD. English-spoken19. How_ he is! He is always acting_. He is really a _.A. foolish；foolishly；fool B. fool；foolish；foolC. foolish；fool；fool D. foolishly；foolish；fool20. The necklace that she lost is very expensive. Its of great _.A. valuableB. value C. valuelessD. unvaluable21. There were_ fish in the river in South America.A. in dangerB. danger C. dangerousD. dangerless22. The child looked at me_.A. strangerB. strangely C. strangeD. strangeless23. The black people were against slavery and fought for their_ bravely.A. freeB. freely C. freedomD. frees24. What you said sounded_ but in fact it was untrue.A. reasonableB. reasonful C. reasonlessD. unreason25. We have to learn _technology from other countries.A. advanceB. advancing C. advantageD. advanced26. The children live in a village _.They come here almost every day.A. nearbyB. near C. nearlyD. near by27.Mr Black is an _in the army，not an _in the government. You can not easily find him in his_.A. official；officer；office B. officer；office；officialC. official；official；official D. officer；official；office28. Youd better give up smoking if you want to keep _.A. healthB. healthy C. healthilyD. healthier29._ speaking，I didnt do it on purpose.A. HonestlyB. HonestC. HonestyD. DishonestPart B: 用所给词语的正确形式填空，使得句子完整。1.The first tomb was built at the_ (begin) of the 15th century.2.Painting is a _ (create) process.3.The _ (discover) of gold on their land made the people rapidly rich.4.The first lesson was very_ (enjoy). I like it a lot!5.A smile is the universal_ (face) expression-it is intended to put people at ease.6.The governments new program is designed to help the_ (job).7._ (Luck), Peter didnt get the job.8.The old man had no child so he suffered a lot from_ (lonely).9.Try to act_ (nature), even if you are tense.10.The baby was sleeping_ (peace).11.He showed us_ (person) around the factory.12.Large_ (quantity) of fish have been caught.13.The price of this dress is_ (reason). I cant afford it.14.Easter is an important_ (region) and social festival in Christian countries.15.It goes without_ (say) that the proposal will be accepted.16.It is a colorless, odorless and_ (taste) gas, slightly heavier than air.17.Its_ (believe) that the event repeated itself years later in the same place.18.Overpopulation is a _ (universe) problem.19.Health problems are_(close) connected with bad eating habits and a lack of exercise.20.You may_(like) the food because it do not look, smell or taste very nice.21.A thousand words will not leave so deep an_ (impress) as one deed.22.The best_ (prepare) for good work tomorrow is to do good work today.23.He answered me_ (rude) and said he would not come back.24.Cuzco is a lively city where both Indian and_ (Spain) culture and are can be seen.25.Brazil is a country located in the _ (south) hemisphere.Part 3: 根据英语构词法知识，改正下列句子。1. The Milu deer are living in the wild in a natural park.2. This blouse is fir for him at all. Its too long and the color has run.3. The possibly that the majority of the labor force will