新托福阅读-句子简化题

句子简化题,句子简化题(SentenceSimplificationQuestion),(1)句子简化题简介和提问方式,(2)句子简化的两个层面:语义和逻辑,(3)常见的逻辑关系转换-四大“明显”/“隐含”关系,否定明显否定关系的特色词汇:no,not,none,never,neither,deny隐含否定关系的特色词汇:failto,absentfrom,lack,lackof,refuse,few,little,否定词缀less.,因果明显因果关系的特色词汇:because,becauseof,since,for,as,dueto,owingto,inthat,so,sothat,asaresult,therefore,thereby,hence,consequently,accordingly.,隐含因果关系的特色词汇:,a.表示导致含义:leadto,cause,result,resultin,giveriseto,render,produce,make,使役动词（let,leave,keep,help,have),support,stimulate,spur,spark,fuel,motivate,prompt.,b.由而来:comefrom,resultfrom,originate,derivefrom,initiatefrom,stemfrom,beattributableto,beresponsiveto.,c.反映,体现:reflect,present,suggest,show,imply,demonstrate.,d.考虑到,依赖:give,considering,onaccountof,inviewof,thanksto,accordingto,relyon,dependon,resortto.,e.条件关系:if,when,while,as,assoonas,aslongas,虚拟条件句.,比较明显比较关系的特色词汇:同级比较比较级隐含比较关系的特色词汇:,a.“变化”:change,vary,alter,modify,revise,increase,decrease,destroy,develop,improve,progress,advance,grow,degenerate,continue,remain,stay,stable,still.,b.“差异”:same,different.,c.“超越”:surpass,exceed,transcend,excel,最高级绝对化,明显最高级/绝对化关系的特色词汇:-est/比较级,隐含最高级绝对化关系的特色词汇:,a.自身含有最高级含义:maximum,minimum,outstanding,extreme.,b.否定加比较:nothingcanbebetterthanthat,c.程度较深的词:surprisingly,amazingly,prohibitively(修饰价格的high),As-因为：asheislate,heispuished.作为：asadoctor,hesavesnumerouspeople.随着：asthesocietydevelops,povertyhasvanishedgradually.像：theboyisasbraveashisPAPA.,Importingthegrain,whichwouldhavebeenexpensiveandtimeconsumingfortheDutchtohaveproducedthemselves,keptthepriceofgrainlowandthusstimulatedindividualdemandforotherfoodstuffsandconsumergoods.,BuyingimportedgrainledtotheDutchdemandingthatotherfoodstuffsandconsumergoodsbeimported.BecausetheDutchwereabletoimportinexpensivegrain,theyhadmoneyavailabletocreateademandforotherfoodproductsandconsumergoods.KeepingthepriceofgrainlowwasaprimarygoaloftheDutchatatimewhentheycouldnotproduceenoughgraintoprovideforalltheirneeds.ThedemandforotherfoodstuffsandconsumergoodsforcedtheDutchtoimportgrainandotherproductsatatimewhenmaintaininglowpriceswasespeciallyimportant.2,Thefrequencywithwhichcertainsimplemotifsappearintheseoldestsiteshasledrock-artresearcherstoadoptadescriptivetermthePanaramiteestyle-alabelwhichtakesitsnamefromtheextensiverockpavementsatPanaramiteeNorthindesertSouthAustralia,whicharecoveredwithmotifspeckedintothesurface.1.TheoldestrockartsiteshavesimplermotifsthanthebestknownsitesofPanaramiteeNorth.2.BecausemotifsprimarilyassociatedwiththePanaramiteeregionarecommonintheoldestsitesthetermPanaramiteestylehasbecomethegeneraltermforrockartofthistype.3.BecausethePanaramiteestyleissocommonintheoldersites,researchershavedescribeditmostextensively.4.ThemotifscarvedintherockysurfaceofthePanaramiteeregionmakeuptheoldestformofrockartdiscoveredinAustralia.答案：(2),TheamountofairexchangedisevenlowerinREMthanNREMbecause,althoughbreathingismorerapidinREM,itisalsomoreirregular,withbriefepisodesofshallowbreathingorabsenceofbreathing.BecausebreathingismoreshallowandirregularinREMthaninNREM,lessairisexchangedinREM.BreathinginNREMislesseffectivethanbreathinginREMbecauseofirregularepisodesofrapidbreathingduringNREM.BecausebreathingismorerapidinNREMsleepthaninREMsleep,breathingoftenbecomesshallow.AlthoughREMhasbriefepisodesofshallowbreathingorlackofbreathing,breathingismorerapidthaninNREM.答案：(1),Somescholarsexpandonthisideabyemphasizingacorrespondingneedforarablelandtofeedgrowingnumbersofpeople:constructionofsmalldams,reservoirs,terraces,andfieldhousesindicatesthatfarmerswereintensifyingtheireffortsduringthe1200s.Competitionforgoodfarmlandmayalsohavepromptedpeopletobondtogethertoassertrightsoverthebestfields.Somescholarsevenclaimthattheintensificationoffarmersvariouseffortsduringthe1200sledtofurtherpopulationgrowthandtheconsequentneedformorearableland.Evidenceofintensifyingagricultureinthe1200sindicatesaneedtofeedalargerpopulationandsoextendstheargumentthatagrowingpopulationwasthecauseofthemovetopueblos.Duringthe1200s,farmersmetthedemandformorearableland,buttheyalsosucceededincultivatingexistinglandmoreintensivelywi