英语修辞学(5修辞手段)

修辞手段,2)对衬/对偶(antithesis)Toerrishuman,toforgivedivine.(AlexanderPope)Deedsshowwhatweare;wordswhatweshouldbe.Rememberwhatshouldberemembered,andforgetwhatshouldbeforgotten.Alterwhatischangeable,andacceptwhatismutable.,5.1.2结构的修辞布局（SchemesofStructure)不寻常或倒置词序的布局1)词语倒装法(Anastrophe)Longtimethemanxomefoehesought./SorestedhebytheTumtumtree.(LewisCarroll)Timepresentandtimepast(T.S.Eliot),2)插说(Parenthesis)Itsagreatmistake,Ithink,nottoaccepttheirpro-posal.Theoldman,itissaid,wasanartistbutpeoplehardlyknowanythingaboutthissideofhislife.Thisman,asyouknow,isgoodfornothing.,3)同位(Apposition)Theonlywaythattheycanpreservetheirhistoryistorecountitassagas-legendshandeddownfromonegenerationofstory-tellerstoanother.Noonenotasinglepersonsaiditsimportanttobeatleastaswealthyasthepeoplearoundyou,andifyouhavemorethantheydoitsrealsuccess.,2)连词的省略(Asyndeton)Thisisthevillainamongyouwhodeceivedyou,whocheatedyou,whomeanttobetrayyoucompletelyWeshallpayanyprice,bearanyburden,meetanyhardship,supportanyfriend,opposeanyfoetoassurethesurvivalandthesuccessofliberty.,3)首语重复(Anaphora)Welearnedtodiagramsentenceswiththesolemnprecisionofscientistsarticulatingchemicalequations.Welearnedtoreadbyreadingaloud,andwelearnedtospellbyspellingaloud.Itrainedonhislousytombstone,anditrainedonthegrassonhisstomach.Itrainedallovertheplace.,4)尾词重复(Epistrophe)Whereaffectionsbearrule,theirreasonissubdued,honestyissubdued,goodwillissubdued,andallthingselsethatwithstandevil,foreveraresubdued.(ThomasWilson).thisnation,underGod,shallhaveanewbirthoffreedomandthatgovernmentofthepeople,bythepeople,forthepeople,shallnotperishfromtheearth.(AbrahamLincoln),5)首词在句尾重复(Epanalepsis)Thekingisdead;longlivetheking.Severetohisservants,tohischildrensevereBlowwindsandcrackyourcheeks!Rage,blow!Nicetoseeyou,toseeyou,nice.Belovedismine;sheisBeloved.,5)联珠/顶真(Anadiplosis)Sunthroughthesea/seaintheheart/heartinitsnoust/nothingislost.Minebethylove,andthylovesusetheirtreasure.Havingpowermakestotalitarianleadershipisolated;isolationbreedsinsecurity;insecuritybreedssuspicionandfear;suspicionandfearbreedviolence.,6)层进法/层递(Climax)Iamsorry,Iamsosorry,Iamsoextremelysorry.Eyehadnotseen,norearheard,andnothinghadtouchedhisheartofstone.Einsteinwasafairviolinist,agreatmathematician,andadeeplyphilosophicalman.Icame,Isaw,Iconquered.,8)对称/回环/倒复法(Antimetabole)Asknotwhatyourcountrycandoforyou,butwhatyoucandoforyourcountry.ImeantwhatIsaidandIsaidwhatImeant.Itisnoteventhebeginningoftheendbutisperhaps,theendofthebeginning.EastandWestdonotmistrusteachotherbecausewearearmed;werearmedbecausewemistrusteachother.,10)对同词根词的重复/叠叙法(Polyptoton)TheGreeksarestrong,andskillfultotheirstrength,Fiercetotheirskill,andtotheirfiercenessvaliant.Witheagerfeedingfooddothchokethefeeder.Notasacalltobattle,thoughembattledweare.Thouartofblood,joynottomakethingsbleed.Absolutepowercorruptsabsolutely.Whoshallwatchthewatchmenthemselves.Diamondmenodiamonds,prizemenoprizes.,明喻(Simile):like,as2)隐喻/暗喻(Metaphor):beBeautywithoutvirtueisarosewithoutfragrance.Thepopulationmushroomedinthepostwardecades.Iwasallsmiles,lookingforwardtoapleasanthomeyevening.Apolicemanwavedmeoutofthesnakeoftrafficandflaggedmetostop.,3)提喻(Synecdoche):partforthewholeorwholefortheparta.用种代表类(种的范畴大于类)vesselship,weaponsword,creatureman,armsrifles,vehiclebicycle,flowerroseb.用类代表种breadfood,cutthroatassassin,steelmetal,c.用局部代表全部sailship,handshelpers,roofshousesd.用全部代表局部ChinaChineseteam,yearspringe.用原材料代表成品silvermoney,canvassail,steelsword,boardsstage,silksilkcoat,4)转喻/借喻/借代(Metonymy)a.用容器代表容器里面的东西bottlewine,wardrobeclothes,townpeopleinthetown,chairchairmanb.用工具代表使用工具的人或工具的拥有者penwriter,chalkteacher,gunssoldiers,4)转喻/借喻/借代(Metonymy)c.用特征或特定环境代表具有该特征的或该环境下的人或物cradlechildhood,gravedeath,crownking,theCrosstheChristianreligiond.用抽象代具体或具体代抽象brainmind,abeautyabeautifulwomanIhadthemuscle,andtheymademoneyoutofit.,5)词类替换(Antimeria)6)折绕迂说(Periphrasis)TheSplendidSplinterhitwonmoreround-trippers.TheydonotescapeJimCrow;theymerelyencounteranother,notlessdeadlyvariety.DisneysPollyannaislookingmorelikeanagingLolitanow,butitsperfectlyallright.,7)拟人格(Personification)Heglancedatthedew-coveredgrass,anditwinkedbackathim.Iwasveryhappyandcouldhearthebirdssinginginthewoods.Thenightgentlylaysherhandatourfeveredheads.,8)夸张(Hyperbole)Ibegathousandpardons.ILoveyou.Youarethewholeworldtome,andthemoonandthestars.Whensheheardthebadnews,ariveroftearspouredout.Myleftlegweighsthreetons.,10)反叙法(Litotes)Heisnotabadplayer.Oh,youthinkyouresospecialbecauseyougettoplayPicturePagesupthere?Well,myfiveyearolddaughtercoulddothatandletmetellyou,shesnotthebrightestbulbinthetanningbed.Dickwasawake.Hewasrathermorethanthat.,11)轭式搭配(Zeugma)把适用于某一事物的词语顺势用到另外一事物上的方法。(正拈，反拈）Sheopenedthedoorandherhearttothehomelessboy.AsIlefthomeafterbreakfast,Ishiveredinwardlyaswellasoutwardly.Theysawlotsofthunderandlightning.,12)移就格(TransferredEpithet)有意识的把描写甲事物的词语移用来描写乙事物。一般可分为移人于物、移物于人、移物于物三类。Hesaid“yes”tothequestioninanunthinkingmoment.Thechildwasnoisyinthemorning.Hisstoriesachievednothingbutcheaplaughs.,13)矛盾修辞修饰法(Oxymoron)用两种不相调和，甚至截然相反的词语来形容一件事物。Nolight,butratherdarknessvisible.Thestateofthish