医学英语术语学及应用PPT课件

.,1,医学英语术语学及应用,.,2,ChapterOne,AnEtymological(词源的)StudyofEnglishLanguage,.,3,Indo-EuropeanandGermanicInfluences,EnglishbelongstotheIndo-Europeanfamilyoflanguages,averybroadlanguagefamilyincludingmostoftheEuropeanlanguagesspokentoday.Thewordforfathervater(inGerman),pater(inGreek),pedarin(Persian),pater(inLatin),andpitr(inSanskrit),.,4,Indo-EuropeanandGermanicInfluences,Incaseoftheword“brother”,itisofsimilarnature.InGreekitisphrater,inLatinfrater,inSanskritbhratar,inFrenchfrereandinGermanbruderOfallthedifferentbranchesinIndo-Europeanfamily,twoareofparamountimportance,theGermanicandtheRomance.EnglishisintheGermanicgroupoflanguages.,.,5,OldEnglish(450-1100),TheAngles,Saxons,andJutesfromnorthernGermany,DenmarkandnorthernHollandinvadedBritishIslesandbegantopopulatethoseareas.Anglo-Saxons,.,6,OldEnglish(450-1100),theoriginal,Celtic-speakinginhabitantsoutofwhatisknowEnglandScotland,Wales,CornwallandIreland,leavingbehindafewCelticwords.,.,7,OldEnglish(450-1100),Theinvaderslanguage,Anglo-Saxon,developedintowhatweknowasOldEnglishwater,stone,foot,fire,sheep,andstrongderivefromOldEnglishroots,.,8,TheNormanConquestandMiddleEnglish(1100-1500),WilliamtheConqueror,theDukeofNormandy,subsequentlyKingWilliamI,invadedandconqueredEnglandandtheAnglo-Saxonsin1066.TheyspokeadialectofOldFrenchknownasAnglo-Norman.TheNormanswerealsoofGermanicstockandAnglo-NormanwasaFrenchdialectthathadconsiderableGermanicinfluencesinadditiontothebasicLatinroots.,.,9,TheNormanConquestandMiddleEnglish(1100-1500),TheinfluenceoftheNormans:beefandcowBeefAnglo-NormanCowGermanThemixtureofthetwolanguages:MiddleEnglish,.,10,EarlyModernEnglish(1500-1800),ThenextwaveofinnovationinEnglishcamewiththeRenaissance.ManyclassicalLatinandGreekwordswerebroughtintotheLanguage:grammar,logic,arithmetic,geometry,astronomy,andmusicWilliamShakespeare,.,11,LateModernEnglish(1800-Present),TheprincipaldistinctionbetweenEarlyModernEnglishandLatemodernEnglishisvocabulary.Twohistoricalfactors:IndustrialRevolutionandtheBritishEmpireNeologism:oxygen,protein,nuclear,vaccine(Latin/Greekroots),.,12,LateModernEnglish(1800-Present),Horsepower,airplane,typewriter(Englishroots)Thisburstofneologismcontinuestoday,visibleinthefieldofelectronicsandcomputers:cyber-,bios,hard-drive,andmicrochip,.,13,LateModernEnglish(1800-Present),Inaddition,theriseoftheBritishEmpireandthegrowthofglobaltradeservednotonlytointroduceEnglishtotheworldbuttointroducewordsintoEnglish.Finally,the20thcenturysawtwoworldwars,andthemilitaryinfluenceonthelanguage,.,14,ChapterTwo,AnEtymologicalStudyofMedicalEnglishBasedontheirorigin,medicaltermscanbedividedintotwolargecategories:nativeandborrowed.,.,15,WordsEvolvedfromOldEnglish,OldEnglishisbelievedtohaveessentiallydevelopedfromdialectspokenbytheAnglo-Saxons.MostmedicalwordsfromoldEnglishdenoteanatomicstructures,organs,substances,andbasicconceptsofhumanactivities.,.,16,AnatomicWords,.,17,WordsDenotingConcepts,.,18,WordsOriginatedfromGreek,FromGreek,EarlyModernEnglishreceivedgrammar,logic,arithmetic,geometry,astronomy,andmusic.AndmedicalterminologyisoneoftheareasthathavebeeninfluencedbyGreek.,.,19,WordsOriginatedfromGreek,.,20,WordsOriginatedfromLatin,TheearliestinfluenceofLatinlanguageonEnglishmaydatebacktotheRomanEmpire.Withtheexpansion,theRomansbroughttheirlanguagetootherpartsoftheentireEmpire.GreaterinfluencewasexertedaftertheNormanConquest.,.,21,WordsOriginatedfromLatin,.,22,WordsBorrowedfromFrench,AftertheNormanConquest,theconquerorsruledthecountryforalongperiodoftimeandleftadeepinfluenceontheEnglishlanguage.AgreatnumberofFrenchwords,includingthoseusedinmedicalworks,tooktheirrootsinEnglish.Borro