英语基础写作1-5ppt课件

.,英语修辞写作,.,Syllabus教学纲要,Introduction:Chapter1(Introduction绪论)Chapter3(ChoiceofDiction用词精当)Chapter6(SimileandMetaphor:明喻和暗喻)Chapter6(SimileandMetaphorcontinued;SynecdocheandPersonification提喻和拟人)Chapter7(Metaphor借代)Chapter8(Antonomasia换称)Chapter9(BifocalVisions双重聚焦)Chapter10and11(TransferredEpithetandRhetoricalRepetition移就和叠言),.,Chapter12(ClimaxandAnticlimax层进与突降)Chapter13and14(Hyperbole,EuphemismandUnderstatement夸张，委婉语和低调陈述)Chapter15and16(PunandAntithesis双关语和对照)Chapter17(EndWeight重尾)Chapter18(PhoneticRhetoric语音修辞)Reviewing：CommunicativeRhetoricAestheticRhetoric交际修辞与美学修辞,figuresofspeech各种修辞手段,.,Rhetoric修辞学,Introduction,.,TheClassicalRhetoric,Stylistics语体文体修辞学-isfocusedondifferenttypesorstylesofwriting:e.g.NewsEnglish,OralEnglish,ScientificEnglish,personalstyleofawriter,orthestyleofacertainperiod,etc.Rhetoric人文修辞学-dealswiththechoosingofthemostappropriatewordsforaparticularcircumstance.,.,WhatisRhetoric?,Itismorethanthosefiguresofspeech(修辞格),suchassimile(明喻),metaphor(隐喻),metonymy(借代),orpersonification(拟人).Rhetoriciswording.,.,WhyDoWeLearnRhetoric?,.,Tounderstandtheauthorsintentionbetter.Tofindoutthecommonwayspeopleknowtheworldandwayspeopleexpressthemselves.Toappreciatethebeauty,explicitornot,ofthelanguage.Tolearnhowtoachieveaneffectivecommunication.,.,DivisionofRhetoric,CommunicativeRhetoric交际修辞(NegativeRhetoric消极修辞)-Toaddtopeoplesknowledge;accurate,plain;AestheticRhetoric美学修辞(PositiveRhetoric积极修辞)-Togetpeopleaffected,ormoved;vivid,brilliant,colorful.,.,Chapter1,1.2.1Rhetoriciswording.1.2.2CommunicativeRhetoricblendswellwithAestheticRhetoric.1.2.3Thetwotypesofrhetoricarefinallydecidedbythethemeofthewriting.1.2.4AHistoricalReview:Peoplespreferenceoverthehistoryoftime.,.,Chapter3ChoiceofDiction用词精当,Theexampleschosen:Group1:theConnotation(内涵)ofaWord:“Jess”,“Theperson”“caliber”;“persona”;“proportion”;“savvy”;“set”;,.,Connotationofwords,Connotationistheassociationandtheovertonesaboutthatword.“thickinbodybecauseofpresenceofsuperfluousflesh”:“stout”:suggestingrobusthealth;“plump”:suggestingapleasantfullnessoffigure;“fat”:suggestingtheneutral,generaluncomplimentaryconnotation;“obese”:implyingununhealthyexcessoffat;,.,Wordswiththesamedetonationbutdifferentconnotations:,.,.,Group2:theOriginoftheWord(词源):“commence”;Group3:HistoricalOrigins(历史渊源)ofaWord:“gringo”;“blackmail”;,.,Group4:Polysemy(一词多义):“arsenal”;“arrival”;“beam”;Group5:ResortingtoImage(借助意象):“bath”;“onknifesedge”;“latchonto”;“finger”;,.,Group6:theAssociationwiththeKnowledgeonMedicine,ScienceandTechnology(科技常识中的联想):“anemic”;“allergic”;“surgical”;-Thesethreewordsarealsocasesofmetaphor,.,Chapter6,SimileandMetaphor明喻和隐喻,.,Simile,.,Whatissimile?E.g.Thesnowwaslikeawhiteblankdrawnoverthefield.Thestructure:Thesignified,thesimilemarker,andthesignifier本体,比喻词,喻体,.,Comparethefollowingsentences:JimlookslikehisbrotherBilly.Mycarrunsasfastasthetrain.Arealfriendislikeamirrorthatcanhelpyouseeanydirtonyourface.Lifewaslikeajourneyfullofpitfalls.-(Thefirsttwosentencesarenotcasesofsimile.)Simileisacomparisonbetweentwounlikethingsacrossdomains(跨领域).,.,Thethreeusesofsimiles:,Descriptive描述型明喻;Illuminative启示型明喻;Illustrative说明型明喻;,;,.,Descriptive描述型,Herlipswerered,herlockswereyellowasgold.Poplookedsounhappy,almostlikeachildwhoslosthispieceofcandy.Thebigblackflieshituslikebombs.,.,Illustrative说明型,E.g.Whatistennis?Tennisislikeapingponggamescaleduptoasizablecourt.Itsfunctionistoexplainabstractorcomplicatedideasorthingsunfamiliartoyouinsimple,concreteideas,orthingsfamiliartoyou.,.,Illuminative启发型,E.g.Whathappenedtoadreamdeferred(postponed)?Likearaisin(葡萄干)inthesun?Orfester(化脓)likeasore?Doesitstinklikearottenmeat?Itsfunctionistogivedeeperinsightintopersonsorthings.,.,Thequalitythatsimilesmustpossess:,FreshnessOriginalityTherepeatedlyusedsimilesshouldbeavoided:e.g.ascoldasice;asgoodasgold;asstrongasanox;ascunningasafox;,.,Metaphor,.,E.g.Theworldisastage.Thetheoryistotallybasedonsolidfoundation.Aromancewasbudding.Theeconomyisoverheating.Sheexploded.Inoticetearswellingupinhereyes.Embarrassedatournoisychildren,wesheepishlytriedtosneakintothediningroom,hopingnottobenoticedbyothers.Thetemperaturefelltoamurderous-40.,.,Twostepsinvolved:Whatdothesen.,v.,adv.,adjimply?Structure:Thesignifiedisthesignifier.本体是喻体。Thetheoryisabuilding.Theromancewasaplant.Theeconomyismachinery.Shewasacontainer.Mytearsisawell.Wearesheep.Thetemperatureisamurderer.,.,Someproblemsthatshouldhavebeenavoided:,Inappropriateusesofmetaphor:Mixedmetaphors;,.,Inappropriateusesofmetaphor,Hishandrootedinmid-air.Wehadtowaittenyearsbeforethenation-widenightmarewasdispelledbytheraysoftheOctobersun.Shehasstagnanteyes.Beforehimthereseemedtobeadarkdeeplake.,.,Hishandsstayedmotionlessinmid-air.Wehadtowaittenyearsbeforethedarkclouds;Shehasdull/expressionlesseyes.Beforehimthereseemedtobeadarkdeepgulf.Question:Howtoavoidthesemista