六级写作指导PPT课件

Writing,1,.,HowToOrganizeAParagraph,BeginwithatopicsentenceAtopicsentenceletsthereaderknowwhattheparagraphwillbeaboutTopicsentenceshouldhaveasubject,verb,andacontrollingidea(clearidea)Topicsentenceisthemostbroadsentencebecausedetailswillcomelater,2,.,HowToOrganizeAParagraph,Addsupportingsentences(body)Supportingsentencesprovidemoreinformationforthereaderthemoredetails,thebettertheparagraphImagineyourtopicasaquestionthatthereaderwillaskHowcanIprovethistrue?WhatexamplescanIgive?,3,.,HowToOrganizeAParagraph,EndwithaconcludingsentenceTheconcludingsentencetellswhattheparagraphwasaboutTheconcludingsentencesclosestheparagraphandmakesitcompleteGetsthereaderreadyforthenextparagraph,4,.,5,.,HowToOrganizeAParagraph,Imagineeachparagraphasasandwich.Therealcontentofthesandwichthemeatorotherfillingisinthemiddle.Itincludesalltheevidenceyouneedtomakethepoint.Butitgetskindofmessytoeatasandwichwithoutanybread.Yourreadersdontknowwhattodowithalltheevidenceyouvegiventhem.,6,.,HowToOrganizeAParagraph,OriginalparagraphPiranhas(水虎鱼)rarelyfeedonlargeanimals;theyeatsmallerfishandaquatic(水生的)plants.Whenconfrontedwithhumans,piranhasfirstinstinctistoflee,notattack.Theirfearofhumansmakessense.Farmorepiranhasareeatenbypeoplethanpeopleareeatenbypiranhas.Ifthefisharewell-fed,theywontbitehumans.,7,.,HowToOrganizeAParagraph,Revision:Althoughmostpeopleconsiderpiranhastobequitedangerous,theyare,forthemostpart,entirelyharmless.Piranhasrarelyfeedonlargeanimals;theyeatsmallerfishandaquaticplants.Whenconfrontedwithhumans,piranhasfirstinstinctistoflee,notattack.Theirfearofhumansmakessense.Farmorepiranhasareeatenbypeoplethanpeopleareeatenbypiranhas.Ifthefisharewell-fed,theywontbitehumans.,8,.,Sampleparagraph1,Auniversityprofessorhasmanyduties.Intheclassroom,heorshelecturestothestudentsandanswersquestions.Iftheprofessorisascienceinstructor,heorshealsoconductslaboratoryexperiments.Duringofficehours,studentsarefreetovisittheprofessortogethelpondifficultmaterialorproblems.Inaddition,aprofessormayoftenworkformanyhoursinlaboratorydoingaresearchproject.Anotherprofessormightspendhisorhertimewritingascholarlypaperforaprofessionaljournal.Stillanotheronemightspendtimewritingabook.Inconclusion,aprofessorisalwaysaverybusyperson.,9,.,Sampleparagraph2,Lyinginbedcanbedangeroustoyourhealth.Oncepeoplebelievedthatstayinginbedwasthebestcureforillnessesorinjuries,butdoctorswhohavestudiedtheeffectsofbedrestarerewritingthemedicaltextbooks.TheharmfuleffectsofbedrestwerefirstnoticedduringWorldWarII.Somefieldhospitalswerenotequippedtogivemuchnursingcaretothewoundedsoldiers.Assoonaspossibleaftersurgery,thenursesstoppedbathingthemandbringingthemtheirmeals.Theresultsweresurprisingthesoldiersgettinglesscarerecoveredsoonerandbetterthanthoseelsewherewhowerepermittedtoremainlyinginbedwithoutstirring.,10,.,Howtowritetopicsentence,主题是写作的目的，没有主题的文章是毫无意义的。而如何把主题从始至终贯彻好也是需要技巧的。1.什么是主题文章的中心思想，即关于某个话题作者最想要表达出来的观点，就是主题。用一个简洁明了的句子把主题表达清楚，就是我们常说的中心论点句thesisstatement，或主题句。一个好的主题有3个特点：只关注一个中心点或中心事件事件的大小要和文章的长度相当准确地预见文章的内容，甚至包括文章的结构,11,.,一个成功的主题句要遵循以下6个标准：具有可辩论性使用主动语态其主语和动词都应该是具体的具有准确的聚焦不仅仅是一个简单的句子对话题具有总体前瞻性主题句必须准确聚焦话题，范围既不能过宽又不能过窄。所谓聚焦包含两个方面：正确聚焦（准确的话题）和范围聚焦（准确的覆盖范围）。,12,.,2.如何写好主题句主题句就像是一个话题介绍人，每一个主题句都要有一个中心思想thecontrollingidea，如：Livingonthecampusisbeneficialtohisstudy.Smokingcigarettescanbeanexpensivehabit.Smokingcigarettescanbeharmfultoyourhealth.,13,.,(1)主题句不能是一个具体事实，比如：TheboywasbornonJune1,1968.应修改为：ThebirthoftheboyonJune1,1968markedthebeginningofyearsofmiseryforthefamily.例：Studentsoftenridetoschool.ManycitizensbegintolearnEnglish.EdmondSmithhadafarm.IknowMr.Charles.Idojoggingeverymorning.TheWomensMovementhaschangedtheendingofseveralcompoundwordsfrom-manto-person.AmericanfoodistastelessandgreasybecauseAmericansusetoomanycanned,frozenandprepackagedfoodsandbecauseeverythingisfriedinoilorbutter.,14,.,修正后的主题句：Studentsoftenridetoschoolforvariousreasons.ManycitizensfinditusefultolearntospeakEnglish.EdmondSmithhadthenoisiestfarminLawrenceCounty.Mr.CharlesisthemeanestmanIeverknow.Dailyjoggingisoneofthebestexerciseswecandoforyourbody.TheWomensMovementhashadseveraleffectsontheEnglishlanguage.Americanfoodistastelessandgreasy.,15,.,(2)主题句的中心思想应该清晰明了，并且关注事件的某一个特定细节。比如说：Playingcomputergamesisbad.这样的主题句就太模糊了，应该修改为：Spendingtoomuchtimeplayingcomputergamesisharmfultochildren.,16,.,请看一个关注不同细节的例子，以篮球运动为例：BasketballwasplayedfirstintheUnitedStates.(history)BasketballisfarlessdangerousthanAmericanfootball.(difference)BasketballispopularintheUnitedStatesforthreereasons.(cause)Playingbasketballisgoodforyourhealth.(effect)Playingbasketballisnotasinterestingasmanypeoplethink.(personalopinion)IcantforgetthedaywhenIplayedbasketballforthefirsttime.(personalexperience),17,.,(3)写主题句时要注意关键词的用法，比如some，different，several，various，等等，这些词的使用会直接影响到作者的中心思想的表达。Mostsuccessfulmovieshaveafewqualitiesincommon.Collegegraduatescanlookforajobinseveraldifferentways.Societyistryingmanydifferentapproachestodiscouragepeoplefromsmoking.,18,.,本节提示：英语段落大多数是演绎性的阐述，即以观点开头进行论证说明，而初学英语的中国学生往往按照汉语的思维和表达习惯，先讲道理、原因，最后是结论，主要观点往往放到段落的最后一句。因此，要学会用主题句开始段落写作。,19,.,Activity1选出不适宜做主题句的句子，并加以修改，使其成为主题句。,1.Manydifferentkindsofpart-timejobsareavailable.2.Certainguidelineshelpafamilytolivetogetherhappily.3.Bluejeansarepopular.4.StudyingforaCETtestcallsforamethodicalapproach.5.Ayoungpersonneedstolearnhowtobecomeself-reliant.6.Parentshavedifferentwaysofgivingtheirchildrenaneducation.7.Moreandmorefamilieskeeppets.,20,.,8.Mostnewstudentsareshockedatcollegeregistrationprocedures.9.Acollegestudentshouldlearnwritingskills.10.ItisnecessarytoimprovespokenEnglish.11.Peopletrymanywaystokeepfit.12.Apersonneedstohaveahealthyself-image.13.Surfingisawatersport.14.Mybrotherenjoyssports.15.Pollutionisaterribleproblem.,21,.,Activity2用下列主题写出主题句。,TripVideogamesModerntechnologyJobinterviewsSelectingamajorTeacherMypersonalityCompetitionAchievementsSmoking,22,.,Activity3画出下列各主题句中的主题思想。,Studentshavevariousreasonsforchoosingwheretheywanttositinaclassroom.Someholidaysaremorefestivethanothers.Developingaplanfororganizingalockerisimportant.Societyistryingmanydifferentapproachestodiscouragepeoplefromsmoking.LasVegasoffersmanywaystogamble.,23,.,Julianwroteanumberofsuggestionstothestudentnewspaperaboutlow-costhousing.Someofthesetime-honoredcustomsseem“old-fashioned”tomanypeople.Theclubisanenvironmentalorganizationthatprovidesmanyvaluableservices.Themarriagecounselormentionedtwostrategiesforavoidingargumentsbeforebreakfast.Itissurprisingthattherearesofewwomenworkinginprofessionsbecausetherearemanybenefitsinthesejobs.,24,.,Activity4每个段落后均有几个句子，判断哪个句子最合适做该段的主题句。,1._.Researchershavefoundthattheydominatetheiryoungerbrothersandsisters,havemoreself-esteem,andappeartobemoreadult-oriented.Twentyoneoftheoriginaltwenty-threeastronautswereeitherfirstbornoronlychildren.Overfiftypercentoftheleadersofthegovernmentsandenterprisesarefirstbornchildrenandonlychildren.Childrenwhoareborninthemiddletendtobepassive.(a)Firstbornchildrenandonlychildren.(b)Firstbornchildrenandonlychildrenaremoresuccessful.(c)Thesequenceofbirthinfluenceonescharacter.,25,.,2._.Thegreedandpoorplanningofmanhimselfarechieflyresponsible.Witheachincreaseinmanspopulation,thewildernessareaswheretheanimalslivegetsmaller.Theuseofpesticidestocontrolinjuriousinsectsalsoharmswildbirdsandanimals.Waterpollutionkillsfishinourrivers,lakes,andoceans.Huntershavealmostexterminatedmanyofthelargeanimals.Asaresultofthisunrelentingpressureourwildlifeisdisappearingattherateofthespeciesorsubspeciesperyear.(a)Theimbalancebetweenmanandwildlife.(b)Wildlifeisgettingextinct.(c)Thegrowingextinctionofwildlifecanbetracedtomanycauses.,26,.,Supportthethesiswithspecificevidence,Thefirstessentialstepinwritingasuccessfulessayistoformulateaclearlystatedthesis.Thesecondbasicstepistosupportthethesiswithspecificreasonsordetails.Toensurethatyouressaywillhaveadequatesupport,youmayfindaninformaloutlineveryhelpful.Writedownabriefversionofyourthesisidea,andthenworkoutandjotdownthethreepointsthatwillsupportthethesis.,27,.,Hereisthescratchoutlinethatwaspreparedbytheauthoroftheearlieressayonmoviegoing:Moviegoingisaproblem.InconvenienceofgoingoutTemptingsnacksOthermoviegoers,28,.,Ascratchoutlinelikethisonelookssimple,butdevelopingitoftenrequiresagreatdealofcarefulthinking.Thetimespentondevelopingalogicaloutlineininvaluable,though.Onceyouhaveplannedthestepsthatlogicallysupportyourthesis,youwillbeinanexcellentpositiontogoontowriteaneffectiveessay.Activitiesinthissectionwillgiveyoupracticeinthecrucialskillofplanninganessayclearly.,29,.,Activity1,Followingareteninformaloutlines.Workingwithapartner,completeanyfiveofthembyaddingathirdlogicalsupportingpoint(c)thatwillparallelthetwoalreadyprovided(aandb).,30,.,1.Thefirstdayonanewjobcanbenerve-racking.a.Meetingnewpeopleb.Findingyourwayaroundanewplacec._2.MystepmotherhasthreequalitiesIadmire.a.Patienceb.Thoughtfulnessc._,31,.,3.Mysummerjobonalandscapingcrewhadseveraladvantages.a.Learnedhowtofollowdirectionb.Greatpeopletoworkforc._4.Collegestudentsshouldliveathome.a.Stayintouchwithfamilyb.Avoiddistractionsofdormorapartmentlifec._,32,.,5.BussingtablesistheworstjobIveeverhad.a.Difficultbossb.Poorpayc._6.Collegeisstressfulformanypeople.a.Worryaboutgradesb.Worryaboutbeingacceptedc._,33,.,7.Myhighschoolalgebrateacherwasexcellent.a.Extrahelpafterclassb.Greatpracticehandoutsfortestsc._8.Thecollegelibraryisthebestplacetostudy.a.Quietandwelllitb.Nothingtotemptmeawayfrommybooksc._,34,.,9.Buyingausedcarisbetterthanbuyinganewone.a.Usedcarsarelesslikelytobestolenthannewcars.b.Usedcarsdontlosetheirvalueasquicklyasmostnewcars.c._10.Manycompaniesuseannoyingpracticestoincreasesales.a.Junkmailb.Spame-mailc._,35,.,支持句supportingsentences,支持句是段落中围绕主题句进行具体论证的句子，一般由若干个句子组成。它们是以具体或真实的细节对主题句进行阐述、说明、引申或补充，从而证实中心思想。如两个不同的主题句思想：Smokingisunhealthy.和Smokingisextravagant.就会由两个不同的支持句展开。,36,.,Smokingisunhealthy.Healthexpertshavewarnedusforyearsthatsmokingcanleadtoheartdisease,lungcancerandvariousrespiratoryailments.TheworldHealthOrganizationsaysdiseaseslinkedtosmokingkillatleast2,500,000peopleeachyear.Researchconductedinmanycountriesalsoindicatesthatpregnantwomenwhosmokeruntheriskofhavingdeformedbabies.Smokingnotonlyruinsthesmokershealth,butalsosubjectsthepeoplearoundhimtogreatdiscomfortandevenphysicalharm.,37,.,Smokingisextravagant.Smokers,eitherwage-earnersorthosewholiveofftheirparents,spendalargesumofmoneyoncigarettes,whichcostthematleast10%oftheirexpenseseachmonth.Whatsmore,sensiblewomentrytoavoidmarryingheavysmokers,eventhoughtheadvertisementsofasmokinghandsomeyoungmansuggestthatitismanlytosmoke.Afriendofmine,forexample,hasbeenseekinganidealwifewhowilltoleratehisextravaganthobbyofsmoking.Butuptonowhehasntfoundone.,38,.,从这两个段落中我们可以看到每个段落中的支持句必须具有一致性和发展性两个要求。一致性一致性指一个段落中所有的支持句必须围绕主题句思想展开，每一个句子的内容都应当与主题句思想有关。分析上面几个段落就可以得到证明。除了段首的主题句，支持句的每个句子既是它前面的句子在语义上的继续，又是对主题句的进一步发展。例如：,39,.,Thelecturesystemultimatelyharmsprofessorsaswell.Itreducesfeedbacktoaminimum,sothatthelecturercanneitherjudgehowwellstudentsunderstandthematerialnorbenefitfromtheirquestionsorcomments.Questionsthatrequirethespeakertoclarifyobscurepointsandcommentsthatchallengeinadequatelyconstructedargumentsareindispensabletoscholarship.Withoutthem,theliveliestmindbecomesdull.Undergraduatesmaynotbeabletomakegoodcontributionsveryoften,butbylecturingaloneaprofessorfailstoattractthebeginnersnavequestionthatcouldhavetriggeredafruitfullineofthought.,40,.,本段共有五个句子。段首主题句提出讲课制度最终也将伤害到教授们。然后其余各句，使反馈量减到最低点，授课者也无法从他们的问题或评论中收益而问题和评论对于做学问是必不可少的没有它们，再活跃的头脑也会变得迟钝如果唱独角戏，教授们便不能吸引初学者提出虽幼稚但能引发出颇有成果的思路或问题。这四个支持句层层递进说明主题句思想，使全段内容有机地构成一体，意思连贯，层次清楚，语意明白。,41,.,反之，如果作者把另外的话题引入同一个段落，就会破坏一致性，读者也就无法了解作者的本意。例如：Today,Americancollegesanduniversitiesareunderstrongattackfrommanyquarters.TherearealotofcollegesanduniversitiesintheUnitedStates,manyofwhichareveryfamousintheworld.Famousscholars,particularlythosewhohavewontheNobelPrize,workinthecollegesandUniversities.Ofcourse,Mostofcollegegraduates,wholackbothbasicskillsandgeneralculture,enterfactoriesandenterprises.,42,.,组成该段落的四个句子似乎都是有关“美国的大学”这一话题，但表达了四种互不相关的意思：美国大学受到许多方面的批评美国有许多一流大学著名学者在大学里工作大学毕业生进入工厂、企业工作，但没有基本技能。这一段落内容松散凌乱，没有主题思想，句子之间缺乏内在联系，毫无一致性可言。更多情况下，作者在段落写作过程中有时会偏离主题。因此，对于那些与主题思想无关的句子，必须删去。例如：,43,.,Thegreatestadvantageofborrowingabookfromsomeoneelseisthatyouhavetoreadit.Thebooksyouborrowcanbeverygoodandvarious.Andtheymaybethebooksyouliketobuybutyoufailtoget.Theborrowedbookisnotyoursandcantbekeptaslongasyoulikethefactaloneremindsyouconstantlythatyoumustreaditbeforeitisdue.Youareunderthepressurewhichyouwontexperienceifthebookisboughtanditbecomesyourpossession.Thepressurepushesyoutoovercomelazinessandreadmore.,44,.,本段第一句是主题句：借书最大的好处是能够促使你去读。第二、三句虽然也是借书的好处，但是和主题句没有直接关系。相比之下，第四、五和六句就有效地发展了主题句。因此，该段中的第二、三句偏离了主题，破坏了段落内容的一致性，应该删去，才能使整个段落主题突出，成为一个整体。再看一个例子，支持句之间也缺乏一致性。,45,.,Sometelevisionprogramsareveryeducational.“SesameStreet”forexample,usesclevervisualimagestoteachyoungchildrenhowtocountandworkwithalphabet.Thisshowalsoactsasanexcellentbabysitter,allowingparentstohavesometimeforthemselves.“Aroundtheworld“takescurioustravellerstomostmysterioussightsonearth,whiletheguidenarratestherichhistorybehindthem.Anotherhighlyeducationalprogramis“Nova,”whichhasalreadydealtwithawildvarietyoftopicssuchasunderseaexploration,theartificialheart,andgeneticengineering,whichishighlycontroversialbecausesomepeoplecomplainthatwehumanshouldnotbetemperingwithnature.Inshort,educationalprogramslikethesecanmakewatchingTVaworthwhileexperienceforpeopleofallages.,46,.,Sometelevisionprogramsareveryeducational.“SesameStreet”forexample,usesclevervisualimagestoteachyoungchildrenhowcountandworkwithalphabet.Childrenaretaughtinvarietyofwayswhichkeeptheminterested.“Aroundtheworld”takescurioustravellerstomostmysterioussightsonearth,whiletheguidenarratestherichhistorybehindthem.Ahighlyeducationalprogram“Nova”formatureadultshasalreadydealtwithawidevarietyoftopicssuchasunderseaexploration,theartificialheart,andgeneticengineering.Itacquaintspeoplewiththelatestdevelopmentinscienceandwidenstheirvision.Inshort,educationalprogramslikethesecanmakewatchingTVaworthwhileexperienceforpeopleofallages.,47,.,由此可见，在段落写作的过程中，要时时想到主题思想，保证段落内的每一句支持句斗必须对发挥段落的唯一主题起到作用。切忌“信笔漫游”，想到什么就写什么，以免破坏支持句之间的一致性。本节提示：支持句既要和主题句有关，又要有条理地从几个层次或角度给主题句加以阐述。初学者的中国学生没有这样的意识，或不知不觉将“无轨电车”开了出去，或像“大杂烩”一样描述支持句。,48,.,Activity2,指出下列段落中违反一致性原则的句子。,49,.,1.Oneofthereasonsthatstudentscheatisthattheyfindittooeasytogetawaywithit.Studentsdoknowthatiftheyarecaughtcheatingtheywillprobablyfailthecourse,butforsomereasons,maybeforhighscoresorjustpassingtheexam,theytakeariskintheexam.Manystudentshaveevernoticedotherscheatingintheexam,andnoonedoesanythingtostopit,thenthecheatingstudentgetsaway.Thismakescheatingeasier,andthestudentwhohascheatedbutnotbecaughtwillbecomemorefearless.Andalthoughthepunishmentforcheatingissevere,teachersaretolerantandtheysometimesignoresuspectedcheating.,50,.,2.PayinglittleattentiontolearningChineseistheproblemofEnglishmajors.TheythinkthatChineseisofnoimportancetothemastheymajorinEnglish.TeachershavefoundthatthestudentsofEnglishcannoteventranslateEnglishsentencesintoproperChinese.Instead,theyareratherskilledintranslatingChinesesentenceintodecentEnglish.SomostEnglishmajorscannottakeupthejobofaninterpreter.EventhoughtheyareclearaboutwhatanativeEnglishspeakersays,theycannotexpresstheminChinesefreely.Andmoreover,thestudentsdontknowhowtofurthertheirstudiesbycomparisonsandcontrastsbetweenthetwolanguages.PayingmoreattentiontolearningChineseisthewayoutfortheEnglishmajors.,51,.,发展性支持句之间还需要有发展性。支持句要通过不同的角度，不同的层次，充分发展段落主题思想，而不是围绕着主题只是简单的重复。比较以下两个段落。Foralargenumberofpeople,theabsenceofworkisharmfultotheirhealth.,52,.,A)Foralargenumberofpeople,theabsenceofworkisharmfultotheirhealth.Obviouslyifyouhavenothingtodo,yourhealthwillbeaffected.Workisonewaytokeepyourhealthy.Ifyoudontwork,itwilldoharmtoyourhealth.Justimagine,youstayathomeallday,doingnothingyourhealthwillbedeclining.Withoutwork,withoutgoodhealth.Sodoingnothingwillbeharmfultooneshealth.,53,.,B)Foralargenumbersofpeople,theabsenceofworkisharmfultotheirhealth.Retirementoftenbringsmanyproblemssurroundingthe“WhatdoIdowithmyselftoday?”question,eventhoughtheremaybenofinancialcares.Largenumbersofpeopleregularlygetheadachesandotherillnessesonweekendswhentheydonthavetheirjobstogoto,andmustfend(照料)forthemselves.Ithasbeenobservedthatunemployment,quiteasidefromexertingfinancialpressures,bringsenormouspsychologicaltroublesandthatmanyindividualsdeteriorate(恶化)rapidlywhenjobless.,54,.,前一段是让学生按课文主题句续写的练习作文。我们可以看到段落中的句子也都和主题句有关，统一性没有问题。但是，每一句不过是对主题句思想的简单重复，翻来覆去就是这个意思，没有发展，也没有展开讨论，空洞无物。而后一段几个支持句不仅和主题句思想紧密关联，而且从三个不同角度来说明：1.工人退休后身体如何垮了；2.休息在家又如何得病；3.失业了会产生精神疾病。没有一句意思重复。这样的段落就是well-developedparagraph.,55,.,再比较：Therestaurantoftheuniversityisoneofthemostovercrowdedplacesoncampus.Thelackofspaceisapparent.Itdoesnothaveenoughroomforthestudents.Thebuildingissmall,uglyanddirtyandmakesthestudentsloseappetite.Itfailstocreateafriendlyatmosphereanddoesnotmeetthebasicrequirementsofapropereatingplace.,56,.,Therestaurantoftheuniversityisoneofthemostoverworkedplacesoncampus.Theservicelineisfrequentlysolongthatastudentgivesuptheideaofeatingaltogether.Ifsheispatientenoughtowaitforfood,sheisluckyifshecanfindaplacetoeat.Ifsheisparticularlyagile,shemayworkherthroughthemassestoaspotwhereshecaneat.Onceseated,however,sheislikelytofindtheatmospheresochokedwithotherbodies,noise,anddeadair,thatshelosesherappetite.Shecannoteasilyslipawayatthatpoint,either.Wedging(挤)herwayoutoftherestaurant,shediscovers,isasmiserableamatterasworkingherwayin.,57,.,前一段的支持句没有展开，作者以拥挤、丑陋和肮脏、不友好的气氛来形容校园的餐厅，但只是一笔带过，而且没有直接说明拥挤，因此只给人以肤浅而笼统的印象。而第二段显然更具体充分地发展了主题，支持句层层递进，全方位多角度展现了Therestaurantoftheuniversityisoneofthemostovercrowdedplacesoncampus.这一主题思想，首先是要排长长的队伍，然后要找座位吃饭，即使找到作为，夹杂着各种气味的空气令人大倒胃口，最后挤出餐厅的过程与进来一样拥挤。这些细节表现了餐厅拥挤的全貌，给读者留下了深刻的印象。,58,.,下面再看几个well-developedparagraph的例子：Fearisoftenamostusefulemotion.Whenyoubecomefrightened,manyphysicalchangesoccurwithinyourbody.Yourheartbeatandresponses