[技巧点拨]阅读理解试题的阅读解题策略和技巧

阅读理解试题的阅读解题策略和技巧一、细节理解题策略细节理解题要求考生对阅读材料中的某一具体事实和细节进行理解。它们大都是根据文章中的具体信息如事实、例证、原因、过程、论述等进行提问的。有些问题可以在文章中直接找到答案，有些则需要我们在理解的基础上将有关内容系统化才能找到，比如计算、排序、是非判断、图形比较等。常见的命题方式通常有：1.特殊疑问句形式。以when, where, what, which, who, how much/many等疑问词开头引出的问题；2. 以是非题的形式。true /false, not true / false；3. 以According to-开头提问方式；4. 以填空题的形式，如：（1）In the 18th and early 19teh centuries, passenger pigeons_. .（2）When the world is “ waving a chair in your face”, youre advised to _ .（3）Izzy kicked her father in the chest _ .（4）This text is mainly the relationship between _.（5）The volunteers primary responsibility is to help people with learning disabilities _等5. 就文中数字、排序、识图等提问。技巧1、直接信息题对此类题型，考生可以首先从问题中找到关键词，然后以此为线索，运用略读及查阅的技巧在文中迅速寻找这一细节，找到后再把这一部分内容仔细阅读一遍，仔细比较所给选项与文中细节的细微区别，在准确理解细节的前提下，最后确定最佳答案。例如：2014年新课卷IIArriving in Sydney on his own from India, my husband, Rashid, stayed in a hotel for a short time while looking for a short time while looking for a house for me and our children. 1. What did Rashid plan to do after his arrival in Sydney?A. Go shoppingB. Find a houseC. Join his familyD. Take his family解析：B。细节理解题。根据文章第一段Arriving in Sydney on his own from India, my husband, Rashid, stayed in a hotel for a short time while looking for a short time while looking for a house for me and our children.我的丈夫Rashid到了悉尼稍作停留之后就开始为我和孩子找房子。说明找房子是丈夫计划要做的事情，故B正确。技巧2、间接信息题（语义转化题）做这类题目时，考生需要对原文信息进行加工处理，然后再进行进一步的推理或鉴别，这是介于事实细节题和推理判断题之间的一种题型，对考生来说有一定难度。例如：2014广东卷Samuel cant understand why everyone is so surprised. “I grew up with music. My mother played the piano and my father played the guitar. About two years ago, I suddenly decided to start playing the piano, without being able to read music and without having any lessons. It comes easily to me -I hear the notes and can bear them in mind-each and every note,” says Samuel.3. Everyone around Samuel was surprised because he _.A. received a good early education in musicB. played the guitar and the piano perfectlyC. could play the piano without reading musicD. could play the guitar better than his fatherC。细节理解题。本题所依据的细节是第三段第三句话About two years ago, I suddenly decided to start playing the piano, without being able to read music and without having any lessons .2年以前，在不能够看乐谱和没有上过任何音乐课的情况下，我突然决定开始学习钢琴.得知他在不理解乐谱也不去上音乐课的情况下，就会弹钢琴，这让人们非常惊讶。故C正确。A项中的received a good early education in music”得到良好的音乐教育”，B项中的perfectly”完美地”D项中的 better “比-好”，与题意不符。技巧3、数字计算题数字计算题也是近几年高考中常考的内容，此类试题是在文章中直接表现出来细节事实，有的要经过具体的计算才能够得出正确的答案。具体的计算题可以是对年代的计算、月份的计算或比例的计算等。文章中经常会出现许多数字，它们对解题产生一定的影响。解答此类试题的方法是先来理解文章的大意，然后经过对比、分析、计算等就能够得出正确的答案。例如：2014安徽卷Personal RobotMake your parents and teachers happy !Are you having problems finishing your homework on time? Do you avoid tidying your room until your mom shouts at you? You dont need to worry if you buy a Mr. Helping Hand personal robot. Mr. H can be programmed to organize your homework. Your own personal robot will follow you around, putting away books and objects that you have left on the floor or bed.Mr. H also has these features (特点)weighs only 500 gramsincludes long-lasting batteriescomes with a 5-year guaranteeremembers simple instructionsOriginally (最初) sold for $499NOW ONLY $299BUY NOWWATCH CONTROLThis is a watch that James Bond would be proud to wear!This is NOT a watch for ordinary people!Your electronic PENGO WATCH CONTROL acts as a remote control for TVs and videos. gives you a daily weather forecast. reminds you when to hand in your homework. sets off a silent warning alarm when parents or teachers are near.Besides, your PENGO WATCH CONTROL will always tell you the time accurately!Originally sold for $199NOW ONLY $99For further information, click here.58. You can get your Mr. H for .A. 499 B. 299 C. 199 D. 9958. B。细节理解题。根据第一则广告最后3行Originally (最初) sold for $499 NOW ONLY $299可知现在只要299美元就可以买到了。故B正确。技巧4、排列顺序题这种试题要求考生根据事件发生的先后顺序和句子之间的逻辑关系，找出事件发生的正确顺序。做这种题时可采用”首尾定位法”，即最先找出第一个事件和最后一个事件，迅速缩小选择范围，从而快速选出正确答案。例如：2014年四川卷A schoolgirl saved her fathers life by kicking him in the chest after he suffered a serious allergic (过敏的) reaction which stopped his heart.-Truck driver Colm, 35, suffered a mystery allergic reaction on Saturday and was taken to hospital, but was sent home only for it to happen again the next day. The second attack was so serious that his airway swelled, preventing him from breathing, his blood pressure dropped suddenly, and his heart stopped for a moment.He has now made a full recovery from his suffering.40. Whats the right order of the events? Izzy kicked Colm. Debbie called 999. Izzy learned CPR. Colms heart stopped.A. 3124 B. 4231 C. 3421 D. 431240. C 排序题。此题考查四个细节的排序。根据文章的叙述，女孩以前就学会了CPR，在父亲的心脏停止跳动之后，她的母亲先拨打了999，女孩发现自己的手臂力气不够用，才用踩她父亲胸部的方式。故答案选C。技巧5、图表图画题在有图表图画的阅读理解中，有的图表图画出现在阅读理解文章中，有的出现在选项中，这些图片的出现增加了试题的直观性，同时也暗含着和文章内容相关的信息。在解答此类试题的时候，一定要把握图表图画中所暗含的信息，特别是有些事实是通过图片来叙述的，我们可以采用按图寻找正确答案的方法来做题。例如：2014课标卷IIMetro Pocket GuideMetrorail(地铁)Each passenger needs a farecard to enter and go out. Up to two children under age five may travel free with a paying customer.-Hours of Service Open: 5 a.m Mon-Fri 7a.m. SatSun . Close midnight SunThur. - -Travel tips . Avoid riding during weekday rush periods before 9:30 a.m. and between 4 and 6 p.m. . If you lose something on a bus or train or in a station, please call Lost & Found at 202-962-1195.15. Which number should you call if you lose something on the Metro?A. 202-962-1195 B.202-962-1100 C.202-673-7000 D.202-673-800015. A。细节理解题。根据文章最后一行if you lose something on a bus or train or in a station, please call Lost & Found at 202-962-1195.可知如果丢了东西，可以拨打电话202-962-1195。故A正确 二、推理判断题策略这类题主要考查学生根据文章的字面意思，通过语篇逻辑关系，研究细节的暗示，推敲作者的态度，理解文章的寓意等。推理判断题属于主观性较强的高层次阅读理解题。做这类题时，考生应在理解全文的基础上，从文章本身所提供的信息出发，运用逻辑思维，同时借助一定的常识进行分析、推理、判断。命题方式：(1) From paragraph 4 we can infer that _. / What can be inferred from the passage? / From the last paragraph we can infer that _.(2) We can infer from the text that/ What can we learn from? / We can conclude from the passage that(3) The last sentence of the first paragraph most probably implies that_. (4) The author implies that by the year 2050,_. (5) To solve the present social problems the author suggests that we should_.(6) The author mentions the fact thatto show_.(7) This passage would most likely be found in _?(8) The authors attitude toward is _?(9) The tone of the passage can best be described as _?技巧1、 细节推断题要求考生根据语篇关系，推断具体细节，如时间、地点、人物关系、人物身份、事件、具体信息等。考生要从文章本身所提供的信息出发，抓住关键的信息词，运用逻辑思维，并借助一定的常识进行分析、推理、判断。例如：2014江苏卷 Before I was two, I was adopted by an Anglo couple. Fed three square meals a day, I grew like a wild weed and grasped all the opportunities they had to offerbooks, music, education, church life and community activities. In a family of blue-eyed blonds, though, I stood out like a sore thumb. Whether from jealousy or fear of someone who looked so different, my older brothers sometimes teased me about my unpleasing skin, or made fun of my clumsy walk. Moody and impatient, burdened by fears that none of us realized resulted from my early years of need, I was not an easy child to love. My mother and I conflicted countless times over the years, but gradually came to see one another as real human beings with faults and talents, and as women of strength in our own right. Lacking a mirror image in the mother who raised me, I had to seek my identity as a woman on my own. The Asian American community has helped me regain my double identity.But part of me will always be missing: my beginnings, my personal history, all the delicate details that give a person her origin. Nevertheless, someone gave me a lucky name “Siu Wai.” “Siu” means “little,” and “War means “clever.” Therefore, my baby name was “Clever little one.” Who chose those words? Who cared enough to note my arrival in the world?来源:中国68.What can be inferred from Mommys Anglo family life? A. She used to experience an identity crisis.B. She fought against her American identity.C. She forgot the pains of her early years.来源&:中国教育#*出版网D. She kept her love for Asia from childhood.68. A。推理判断题。根据第四段Whether from jealousy or fear of someone who looked so different, my older brothers sometimes teased me about my unpleasing skin, or made fun of my clumsy walk.可知在这个家庭里不知道是处于嫉妒还是恐惧我的哥哥们有时会嘲笑我。再根据My mother and I conflicted countless times over the years, but gradually came to see one another as real human beings with faults and talents, and as women of strength in our own right可知我和妈妈经常发生冲突。这些事情让我感觉自己的生活没有安全感，总是很惶恐，缺乏安全感。进而产生了身份危机。故A正确。技巧2、因果推断题要求考生根据已知结果推测导致结果的可能原因或根据已有的原因推断可能的结果。考生要准确掌握文章的内涵，理解文章的真正含义。最关键的是要找准事物间存在的因果关系信息，根据已有信息，进行分析判断推理，从而推出最符合逻辑的原因或判断出最可能导致的结果。例如：2014北京卷C Recently a new science behind incentives (激励) , including in education, has been discussed. For example, researcher Roland Fryer wanted to see what works best in motivating children to do better in school. In some cases, he gave students incentives based on input, like reading certain books, while in others, the incentives were based on output, like results on exams. His main finding was that incentives increased achievement when based on input but had no effect on output. Fryers conclusion was that the intensives for inputs might be more effective because do not know how to do better on exam, aside from general rules like “study harder.” Reading certain books, on the other hand, is a well-set task over which they have much more control. 64. In Roland Fryers research, some students did better than the others because _ . A. they obeyed all the general rulesB. they paid more attention to examsC. they were motivated by their classmatesD. they were rewarded for reading some books64. D。推理判断题。根据文章第三段His main finding was that incentives increased achievement when based on input but had no effect on output.可知当以输入为基础的时候，激励会有很好的结果。再根据第三段In some cases, he gave students incentives based on input, like reading certain books可知针对输入的激励是让他们读书。故D项说法：奖励他们读书是有效的。故D正确。技巧3、 态度观点推断题作者态度、倾向是指作者对陈述的观点是赞同、反对，还是犹豫不决，对记叙或描写的人、物或事件等是赞颂、同情、冷漠，还是厌恶、憎恨。作者的这种思想倾向和感情色彩往往隐含在文章的字里行间，或流露于修饰的词语之中。因此，在推断过程中，应特别注意文中作者的措词。例如： 2014新课标I的CThis upsets me to no end because while all the experts are busy debating about which option is been the people who want to improve their lives are left confused by all of the conflicting information. The end result is that we feel like we cant focus or that were focused on the wrong things, and so we take less action, make less progress, and stay the same when we could be improving.30. What is the authors attitude towards the expert mentioned in Paragraph3?A. Tolerant.B. Doubtful. C. Respectful. D. Supportive. 30. B 推理判断题。根据第三段The end result is that we feel like we cant focus or that were focused on the wrong things, and so we take less action, make less progress, and stay the same when we could be improving.说明作者对于专家有怀疑，因为我们最后采取的行动较少，取得的进步也小。故B正确。技巧4、篇章结构推断题 根据不同文章的内容和写作目的，作者会采取记叙、描写、议论、说明或应用文体。作者也会采用叙述、例证、比较对照等不同的组织结构。不同文体的阅读难度、要求和任务不同，阅读方法也应不同。增强对篇章结构的理解能力有助于提高阅读质量。同时，还要求考试能够对对文章的下文进行推断。例如：2014陕西卷 C Why do Americans struggle with watching their weight, while the French, who consume rich food, continue to stay thin? - In spite of all these differences, evidence shows that recent life style changes may be affecting French eating habits. Today the rate of obesity or extreme overweight among adults is only 6%. However, as American fast food gains acceptance and the young reject older traditions, the obesity rate among French children has reached 17% and is growing.55. The text is mainly developed _.来%源:中国教育&出*版#网A. by contrast B. by space C. by process D. by classification55. A推理判断题。本文中作者把美国人的生活方式和法国人的生活方式进行了比较，把这两个国家的肥胖率也进行了比较。照顾文章都是通过比较串联起来的。故A正确。三、主旨大意题策略命题方式针对短文主旨常见的命题形式如下：(1). What would be the best title for the text? /What is the topic of the text?(2). The main topic / subject of the passage is _.(3). The main idea/ The general idea is/ The main theme of this passage is(4). The last paragraph ends the passage with an emphasis on _.(5). What is mainly discussed in the text?(6). What is the main idea of the passage?等技巧1、标题归纳类标题是段落中心思想最精炼的表达形式。在阅读中不仅要求考生能够通过自己已知的信息概括出段落的中心思想，而且还要对概括出的中心思想加以提炼，拟定出段落的标题。在测试中能够迅速而准确地选择标题。文章标题可以是单词，短语，也可以是句子。标题可帮助读者迅速推测出整篇文章的主要内容，抓住文章讨论的中心，把握作者的观点和意图。它的特点是：短小精悍，多为一短语;涵盖性强，一般要求能覆盖全文，其确定的范围要恰当，既不能太大，也不能太小;精确性强，不能随意改变语言表意的程度及色彩。例如：2014福建卷AIt was Mothers Day morning last year and I was doing my shopping at our local supermarket with my five-year-old son, Tenyson.-The man then bent down and gave his wife the flower, telling her who it was from. Though badly hurt and shaken, the old lady looked up at Tenyson with love in her eyes and gave him a little smile.59. What would be the best title for the passage?A. Flower PowerB. Mothers DayC. An Accidental Injury D. An Embarrassing Moment 59. A主旨大意题。儿子给一个摔倒在地流了很多血的老人买了花，对方很感激儿子善意的做法。鲜花让她很开心有人能够关心她。告诉我们要与人为善。选项中只有A项”鲜花的力量”符合文章思想，BCD都与文章内容有出入。故A正确。技巧2、主旨大意类概括主旨的方法是：先看首尾或各段开头再看全文找主题句，若无明显主题句，就通过关键词句来概括(如议论文中寻找表达作者观点态度的词句，记叙文寻找概括情节和中心的动词或反映人物特点的形容词。) 。文中出现两种或两种以上的不同观点时，务必牢记作者的观点才是体现全文中心的。此时，要注意一些转折词，如but, yet, however, although, in spite of, by contrast, on the contrary等。当文章中表示相反的观点时，往往用到这些词。答题时要弄清哪个是作者的观点，排除迷惑性信息，准确归纳主旨大意。例如：（2014山东卷）Elizabeth Freeman was born about 1742 to African American parents who were slaves. At the age of six months she was acquired, along with her sister, by John Ashley, a wealthy Massachusetts slaveholders. She became known as “Mumbet” or “Mum Bett.” -Mumbets tombstone still stands in the Massachusetts cemetery where she was buried. It reads, in part: “She was born a slave and remained a slave and remained a slave for nearly thirty years. She could neither read nor write, yet in her own sphere she had no superior or equal.” 5. What is the test mainly about? A. A story of a famous writer and spokesperson B. The friendship between a lawyer and a slave C. The life of a brave African American woman D. A trial that shocked the whole world 5. C主旨大意题。本文属于人物传记类短文，介绍了生来就是奴隶的Elizabeth Freeman未了获得自由而进行斗争的故事，以及人们对她的评价。故C项说法和文章主要内容相符。故C正确。四、词义猜测题策略猜词悟义是应用英语的重要能力，也是高考阅读理解中必考的题型。它不但需要准确无误地理解上下文，而且要有较大的泛读量，掌握或认识较多的课外词汇。考生应学会通过构词、定义、同位、对比、因果、常识、同义、反义及上下文线索等确定词义。命题方式: The underlined word “” in the second (third) paragraph refers to(means) _.By saying “” in the first (second) paragraph, the author means that _.In paragraph , “” can be replaced by “_”.The meaning of “” in paragraph is related to _.Which of the following has the closest meaning to(paragraph)?The underlined sentence in the paragraph probably means that _.技巧1、语境法根据内在逻辑关系推测词义是指应用语言知识分析和判断相关信息之间存在的逻辑关系，然后根据逻辑联系推断生词词义或大致义域。例如：2014四川卷Such a person has great difficulty in waking up in the mornings. Research suggests that night owls feel most alert and function best in the evenings and at night. Research findings have shown that about 20 percent of people can be classified as “night owls” and only 10 percent can be classified as “early birds” - the other 70 percent are in the middle. Although this is clearly not true for all students, for the ones who are true night owls this gives them an excellent excuse for missing their lectures which unfortunately fall before midday.45. Which of the following is closest in meaning to the underlined word “classified”?中*国教&%育#出版网A. Criticized. B. Grouped. C. Organized. D. Named.45. B。猜测词义题。根据此句Research findings have shown that about 20 percent of people can be classified as “night owls” and only 10 percent can be classified as “early birds” - the other 70 percent are in the middle.：调查结果表明大约20%的人可归类为”猫头鹰”型，只有10%的人可以归为”早起”型。此处classify应为”归类，分类”等意思。把不同的人分为不同的类型。故B正确。技巧2、定义法有时短文中出现一个需要猜测其意义的词或短语，下面接着出现其定义或解释，这就是判断该词或短语意义的主要依据。定义句的谓语动词在文中多为：be, mean, deal with, be considered to be, refer to, be called, be known as, define（下定义）, represent, signify（表示，表明）, constitute（指.） 等。技巧3、构词法在英语中，有很多词可以在前面加前缀，在后面加后缀，从而构成一个词，乍看起来，这个词可能是新词，但掌握了一定的构词知识，就不难猜出它的词义。掌握前后缀规律， 如un-, im-, in-, dis-, il-等前缀与-less等后缀可构成反义词；后缀-ful, -ly, -ism, -ness等可改换词性。而合成词要在正确理解两词的基础上，结合上下文把握两词之间的关系，猜测词义；而对词义的转化，也要求结合上下文来猜测。技巧4、因果关系法 在一篇阅读文章中，根据原因可以预测结果，根据结果也可以找出原因。常见的因果信号词有：as a result, for, thus, by doing, because, for this reason, so, since, consequently, so that, so/sucht