英语语法danglingconstru

toourgroup,Members:StevenGraceVeraMillyBonnieStellaAppleLinda,DanglingModifier,Adanglingmodifierisaphraseorclausethatiswronglyattachedtothematrixclause(主句),sothattheimpliedsubject(逻辑主语)ofthisphrase/clauseisnotthesameoneofthematrixclause.Thisphrase/clauseisdanglingbecauseitisactuallyunattachedtothesentence.,Thetypesofdanglingconstruction,1.Danglingparticiplesandparticipialclauses,Participlesorparticipialclausesmaybeatthebeginningortheendofasentence,andaparticipialclauseisusuallyattachedtoitssubjectclause.However,whenthesubjectismissingortheparticipleattachesitselftoanotherobjectinasentence,theclauseisseeminglyhangingonnothingoronanentirelyinappropriatenoun.Itthusbecomesadanglingparticiple.,Example,WalkingdownMainStreet,thetreeswerebeautiful.thewalkingdownparticiplemodifiestrees,thesubjectofthesentence.However,thetreesarepresumablynotthemselveswalkingdownMainStreet.Theparticipleinfactmodifiestheunmentionedspeakerofthesentence,theonedoingthewalking(andfindingthetreesbeautiful).,2.Danglinginfinitivephrases,Someinfinitivephrasesareusedasadverbialanditslogicalsubjectdoesnotagreewiththesubjectofthesentence.(F）ToappreciatetheEnglishlanguage,readingmustbedone.（T）ToappreciatetheEnglishlanguage,wemustread.,3.Danglingprepositionalphrase,Someprepositionalphrasesareusedasadverbialanditslogicalsubjectdoesnotagreewiththesubjectofthesentence（F）InsteadofwatchingTheLateShow,anovelwasread.（T）InsteadofwatchingTheLateShow,Nancyreadanovel.,TheDanglingConstructionofpragmaticmeanings（语用意义）,1.Leadingtopic:Talkingof(谈及，说到），Gettingbackto，Comingto，Referringtoeg:1.Talkingofmoney,haveyoupaidthetailorsbillyet?2.Comingtothisquestion，Isayno.,2.Expressingthespeechwayofpeople:Puttingitmildly,Franklyspeaking，Generallyspeaking，Roughlyspeaking，Broadlyspeakingeg:Generallyspeaking，dogsaremorefaithfultomenthancats,3.Expressingthetalkingperspectiveofspeaker:Judgingfrom,Accordingto，Considering,Viewingitfrom(从来说），Seeingeg:Judgingfromhisexpression，heisinabadmood,4.Providingconditionsforthecontentwhatthespeakersaid:iforwith,Provided,Supposingeg:Supposingthistobetrue，heiscertainlythemurderer,5.Actingasaadversativeconjunction:Admittingthat（虽然，即使），Allowedthat，Allowingfor，Considering（that），Assumingthat，Seeingthat，Grantingthat（即使，假定），Grantedthateg:Admitting（AssumingAllowing）thatheisdrunk，thatisnoexcuse,6.Expressingwhatthespeakersayswithoutexception:Barring（除非，不包括），Bating（除以外），Excepting，Excepted,Including，Counting，Settingaside（除以外），Leavingeg:Settingasidethequestionofcapital（资金），thisbusinesshasmanyotherproblems,generallyspeaking一般来看broadlyspeaking广而言之personallyspeaking就个人而言franklyspeaking坦率地说judgingfrom/by从看considering考虑到providing在条件下supposing假定talkingof/about说起，谈到,given考虑到granted即使，假定.，就算providedthat假设supposed假设admitted假定allowed假设,totellyouthetruth说老实话tobehonest诚恳地说tobesure的确，毫无疑问tobefair说良心话tobefrank坦率地说tocutalongstoryshort长话短说toputitinanotherway换句话说tobeginwith首先,Therearethreekindsofcorrectionmethodsofdanglingconstructionasfollows：,Danglingparticipleorparticiplephrases,suchas:,Climbingupthehill,severalboarswereseen.,(a)Determiningthelogicalsubject,makesentencesinto“Climbingupthehill,theexplorerssawseveralboars.”(b)Thepresentparticiplephrasecanbeextendedintotheadverbclause“Whentheexplorersclimbedupthehill,theysawseveralboars/severalboarswereseen.”,Thedanglingadverbialphrases,suchas:Afterputtingashrimponthehook,thefishbegantobite.whatisthelogicalrelationshipofadverbialphraseandthefish？(a)Afterputtingashrimponthehook,thefishermanfoundthatthefishbegantobite.(b)Afterthefishermanhadputashrimponthehook,thefishbegantobite.,Danglinginfinitiveverbphrases,suchas:Towritewell,alotofpracticeisneeded.Tobealoyalemployee,asenseofbelongingisamust.Theinfinitiveverbphrasesofthetwosentencecantmodifypracticeandasenseofbelonging“.Therealsubjectmustbepeople(a)Towritewell,oneneedsalotofpractice/apersonhastopracticealot.(b)Tobealoyalemployee,heorshemusthaveasenseofbelonging.,Amongthethreedanglingstructuresabovementioned,thefirsttypeisusedfrequently,however,thefollowingthreekindsofsituations,participialphrasesareright,theyarenotdanglingstructureFirst，intheAbsoluteConstruction,theparticiplephrasehasitsownsubject,soitisnotdanglingstructure：Suchbeingthecase,wecangohomenow.,Second,whentheparticiplecontainthenatureofprepositionsandconjunctions,itdoesnotrequirethelogicalsubject,sothereisnodanglingproblems.Forexample:Owingtoalackoffunds,theprojecthastobediscontinued.Providedthatthereissufficienttime,everyonecandothejobbetter.,Third,whentheparticiplephrasesareusedtoexpressthespeakersattitudeoropinion,alsodonotneedtobethelogicalsubject,sothereisnotadanglingproblem.Forexample:Judgingfromhisfaciallook,thenewsmusthavebeenterrible.Takenasawhole,thereisnothingwrongwiththelogicbehindthatidea,Someinstructionsofdrapingthepastparticiple,1。AccordingtoEnglishsyntax(语法）,whenparticipleorpastparticiplephraseareusedasadverbial,itslogicalsubjectshouldagreewiththesubjectofthesentence.FOREXAMPLE:Viewedfromadistance,theislandlookedlikeacloud.,Thissentenceiscorrect,becausethelogicalsubjectofphraseviewfromdistanceistheisland，thiscessioncanrewriteas：Whenit(=theisland)wasviewedfromadistance.,2。Whenparticipleorpastparticiplephraseareusedasadverbial，itslogicalsubjectdoesntagreewiththesubjectofthesentence，itiscalleddanglingthepastparticiple.Danglingpastparticiplehasalwaysbeenlookedasagainstthesyntax,whichisincorrect.,FOREXAMPLE:Movedbyhisspeech,tearscametothegirlseyes.Thissentenceisincorrect,becausethelogicalsubjectofpastparticiplephrasemovedbyhisspeechisthegirl,butthesubjectofthissentenceistears,theyareinconforming.,Howtodealwithdanglingparticiple,1.Changingthestructureofsentences,makethelogicalsubjectandthesubjectofsentenceinagreement.2.Addingitsownsubjectinfrontoftheparticiple,formsegmentationofthenominativeabsolutestructure(分词的独立主格结构),EXAMPLESMovedbyhisspeech,thegirlcouldntholdbackhereyes.Thissentenceiscorrect，becauselogicalsubjectofpastparticiplephrasemovedbyhisspeechisthegirl，meanwhile，thesubjectofthissentenceisthegirl.,Thegirlmovedbyhisspeech,tearscametohereyes.Thissentenceiscorrect，too.Becauseinfrontofpastparticiplephrasemovedbyhisspeech,hereweaddanlogicalsubjectthegirl,soitformsanominativeabsolutestructure(独立主格结构).,ChoosetherightanswerfromABC(1)Inthesesentences,whichsentenceisshowingwhatisthetopic?A:Comingtothisquestion,Isayno.B:Consideringthelowprice,thecarisworthbuying.C:Giventhattheirinexperience,theyvedoneagoodjob.(A),(2)“Gettingbacktoourstory,theprincesswasskilled.”Thissentencesuitsforwhichsituation?A:ShowthespeakerswayB:ShowwhatisthetopicC:Showthespeakersbasisorperspective(B),(3)Whichsentenceisshowthespeakersbasisorperspective?A:Generallyspeaking,dogsaremorefaithfultomenthancats.B:Providedthatafilmentertains,fewpeoplecareaboutitsothermerits.C:AccordingtoBarthes,theauthorhaddied(C),(4)Inthefollowingsentences,whichsentenceisdanglingstructure?A:Goingupthehill,thestatueofLincolnstruckmyeye.B:Goingupthehill,IsawthestatueofLincoln.(A)SentenceAisdanglingstructure.Because“goingtothehill”logicsubjectisnotthesubject”thestatueofLincoln”SentenceBistheformalV-ingstructure,thelogicsubjectissamewiththesubject“I”,Inthefollowingsentences,whichsentenceisdanglingstructure?A:Tiedtoapost,theseawasbeingtossedupanddownbythesea.B:Tiedtoapost,theseawastossingtheboatupanddown.(A)SentenceAistheformalV-edstructure,thelogicalsubjectissamewiththesubject“I”.SentenceBistanglingstructure,because“tiedtoapost”logicalsubjectisnotthesubject”thesea”,TorF:Tomakefriends,honestyisimportant.(x)Reason:inthissentence,therearetwosubjects:oneissomeone,theotherissomething,soitiswrong.Wecancorrectitinthreeways.,Threeways:=Ifonewantstomakefriends,honestyisimportant.=Tomakefriends,onemustbehonest.=Foronetomakefriends,honestyisimportant