《新编英语语法教程》主要章节语法术语

新编英语语法教程主要章节语法术语1. Morpheme词素Free morpheme 自由词素Bound morpheme 粘附词素Allomorph 词素变体Introduction: Grammatical Hierarchy (导论语法层次)2. Parts of speech (word class)Simple words简单词Derivatives派生词Compounds复合词 *(1) Classification in terms of word formationOpen-class words (content words)开放词类（实义词）Closed-class words (function words)封闭词类（功能词）Intermediate class(中间词类)* (2) Classification in terms of grammatical functionWords词NounVerbAdjectiveAdverb PrepositionPronounDeterminerConjunctionAuxiliaryNumeralsInterjectionNoun phraseVerb phraseAdjective phraseAdverb phrasePreposition phraseConjunctionAuxiliary3. Phrases 词组（1） Independent clause & Subordinate clause独立分句和从属分句（2） Simple clause & Complex clause (*complex sentence)简单分句和复杂分句（*复杂句）（3） Main clause & Subordinate clause主句和从句（4） Finite clause，non-finite clause and Verbless clause限定分句、非限定分句、无动词分句4. Clause 分句(1)Full sentence &Minor sentence 完全句和不完全句(2)Simple sentence, Compound sentence, Complex sentence & Compound complex sentence 简单句、并列句、复杂句、并列复杂句(3)Declarative sentence, imperative sentence, interrogative sentence,exclamatory sentence5. Sentence 句子Lecture 1Sentence Structure（L1）Sentence elements: S (subject)主语V (predicate verb)谓语动词O (object)宾语C (complement)补足语A (Adverbial)状语1. Two ways of sentence analysis1) SVOSentenceClauseNP VP NP Subject Predicate verb ObjectAll the man have done their best.Sentence = Subject + Predicate (Predicate Verb + Object, Complement, Adverbial, etc.)l 句子由主语和谓语构成，进一步把谓语剖析为谓语动词、宾语、补语、状语等。2) Subject + Predicate (= operator + predication)SentenceClauseSubject Predicate Operator PredicationAll the man have done their best.l 句子由主语和谓语构成，进一步把谓语剖析为操作词（operator）和述谓成分（predication）。2. Basic clause typesSVC, SV, SVA, SVO, SVOA, SVOC, SVoOLecture 2Subject-Verb Concord （L2-3）Guiding principles:Grammatical ConcordNotional ConcordPrinciple of Proximity语法一致原则意义一致原则就近原则Nominal clauseNon-finite clauseRelative clauseCleft sentenceExistential clause名词性分句非限定分句关系分句分裂句存在句Lecture 3Noun and Noun Phrase（L4-5）1. Classification of nounsPartitive (Unit Noun) 单位词2. Cases of NounsNominative case / Subjective case（主格）Accusative case / Objective case（宾格 ）Genitive case（属格 ）/ Possessive case（所有格）Dative case （受事格/与格）Independent GenitiveDouble Genitive Genitive caseGenitive cases specifying the reference of the noun phrase.Specific reference (特指)Generic reference（类指）Indefinite genitive phrase（非确定特指）Lecture 4Determiner（L6-7）1. Definition Determiners are function words which are used to determine or fix the reference of a noun. 2. Classification3. ArticlesArticle is a major group of determiners used to delimit the scope of reference of nouns (主要用來限定名词的指称范围). Lecture 5Pronoun（L8-9）1. ClassificationAntecedent 先行词2. The use of reflexive pronoun (-self)3.Pronoun reference (代词照应)前照应（Anaphoric reference）、后照应(Cataphoric reference)、语境照应(Situational reference)、人称照应(Personal reference)、指示照应(Demonstrative reference)Lecture 6Verb and Verb Phrase（L10-22）1. Classification of verbs动词分类的标准有很多种，如上图所示，记住基本的术语和其用法就是。比如及物动词、不及物动词、联系动词、助动词、动态动词、静态动词、词组动词、限定动词、非限定动词、不定式，不带to不定式（bare infinitive）等等，还有副词小品词（adverb particle）。 Transitive Verbs：followed by objects. Intransitive verbs：do not require an object. Linking verbs：followed by subject compliments. SVO主动宾(Transitive verb) SVoO主动宾宾(Ditransitive verb)【双宾语动词】 SVOC主动宾补(Monotransitive verb)【单宾语动词】 SV主动(Intransitive verb) SVC主动补(Linking verb) This aspect is of essential importance because the verb type here determines the basic sentence structure of your sentence and how you can expand your sentence.2. Tense and aspects TenseAspectSimple presentSimple pastSimple futurePast futureprogressive现在进行体过去进行体将来进行体过去将来进行体perfective现在完成体过去完成体将来完成体过去将来完成体Perfectiveprogressive现在完成进行体过去完成进行体将来完成进行体过去将来完成进行体4. Mood陈述式（Indicative mood）、祈使式（Imperative mood）、虚拟式（Subjunctive mood）5. Non-finite verbspp. 230-1动态形容词（Dynamic Adjective）、静态形容词（Stative Adjective）p.251 前置修饰语（Premodifier）、p.256 悬垂分词（Dangling Participle）/无依着分词（Unattached participle）、依着法则（Attachment rule）Lecture 7Adjective and Adverb（L23-24）1.1Adjective & Adjective Phrase 1.2Adjective form1.3Adjective meaningl 动态形容词、静态形容词、等级形容词、非等级形容词2.1Adverb & Adverb Phrase (Adv P)2.2 Adv form2.3Adv Meaningp.274 修饰性状语（Adjunct）、评注性状语（Disjunct）、连接性状语（Conjunct）Lecture 8Degree & Comparative Construction（L25）(比较等级和比较结构)1. Degree formsRegular degree forms of Adj & AdvPositive/absolute原级 Comparative比较级 Superlative最高级 Monosyllabic(单音节) Adj & Adv Synthetic (inflectional) 综合 (屈折)形式Adj-/Adv-er Adj/Adv-estPolysyllabic(多音节) Adj & Adv Analytic (phrasal) 分析 (词组)形式more Adj/Adv most Adj/Adv Disyllabic(双音节) Adj & Adv Synthetic or Analytic Adj-/Adv-ermore Adj/Adv Adj/Adv-est most Adj/Adv Notes:(1) -ing and -ed participial Adj takes more & most (2) Some irregular forms, e.g., far, good(3) Gradable indefinite Det & Prons: many/much, few, little2. Comparative construction3. General structure of Comparative constructionNotes:(1)More (less, fewer) can be Det or Pron:Model 2 accounted for more variance than did Model 1. (Det)It appeared in more than 50% of the request e-mails. (Pron)(2)As & than are Conj or rarely Prep:John is taller than she (is). / John is taller than her. E.g. Apple is as tasty as tomato.Lecture 9Statement, Question, Command & Exclamation（L27）(陈述句、疑问句、祈使句、感叹句)(1)Simple sentence, Compound sentence, Complex sentence & Compound complex sentence 简单句、并列句、复杂句、并列复杂句(According grammatical structure)(2)Declarative sentence, imperative sentence, interrogative sentence,Exclamatory sentence陈述句、疑问句、祈使句、感叹句(According to communicative function)Sentence types 句子1. Statements (Declarative sentences): Positive / Negative statements2. Questions (Interrogative sentences): General (yes-no) questions, Special (Wh-) questions, Alternative questions, Tag questions (附加疑问句), Rhetorical questions (修辞疑问句)3. Commands and Exclamations4. Tag questions (pp.316-9)Transferred negation (否定转移)Lecture 10Existential Sentence & It-Patterns（L28-29）（存在句和It-句型）1. Existential sentence存在句、实义主语（Notional Subject）、真主语（Real subject）、地点状语（Locative adverbial）、时间状语（Temporal adverbial）*p.326, 提及的非确定特指，冠词、数词等限定词，见限定词（Determiner）一讲。前置修饰语（premodifier）、后置修饰语（postmodifier）、操作词（Operator）*p.328, 存在句的非限定形式（Non-finite existential clauses）：there to be / there being (there having been)的用法区别。2. It-Patterns*pp. 331-5 虚义it（Empty it）、先行it（Anticipatory it）、分裂句（Cleft sentence）假分裂句（Pseudo-cleft sentence）Lecture 11Coordination 并列结构（L30）并列结构（Coordinate construction）、并列连词（Coordinator）Lecture 12Subordination 从属结构（L31-34）1. 从属连词（Subordinator）：简单从属连词、复杂从属连词、关联从属连词、边际从属连词（simple subordinator, complex subordinator, correlative subordinator, marginal subordinator）2. 从属结构（Subordinate construction）：限定从属分句（Finite subordinate clause）、非限定从属分句（Non-finite subordinate clause）、限定分句、非限定分句、无动词分句3. Finite subordinate clauseSubjective clause 主语从句Objective clause 宾语从句Subject complement 主语补语（表语从句）Appositive clause 同位语从句Prepositional complementation 介词补足成分Nominal clause名词性分句L31Restrictive Clause 限制性关系分句Non-restrictive Clause 非限制性关系分句Double Relative Clause 双重关系分句Embedded Relative Clause 嵌入式关系分句Relative clause关系分句L31，L33Finite subordinate clause Adverbial clause of Time 时间Adverbial clause of Place 地点Adverbial clause of Manner 方式Adverbial clause of Cause 原因Adverbial clause of Result 结果Adverbial clause of Purpose 目的Adverbial clause of Condition 条件Adverbial clause of Concession 让步Adverbial clause状语分句L31，L34Type I: whenever-type real conditionalType II: the commonest type of real conditionalType III: probable unreal conditionalType IV: hypothetical unreal conditional contrary to the past factConditional clause条件分句L34表语从句：Predicative clause4.Non-finite clause& Verbless clause (L32)1) Infinitive clause 不定式分句2) ing participle clause ing分词分句3) ed participle clause ed分词分句4) Verbless clause 无动词分句5) Absolute construction 独立结构Non-finite clause& Verbless clauseL32Lecture 13Direct Speech & Indirect Speech (L35)直接引语（Direct speech）、间接引语（Indirect / reported speech）Lecture 14Modification 修饰 (L36)1. 前置修饰语（premodidier）、后置修饰语（postmodifier）、限定词（determiner）、限制性修饰语（Restrictive modifier）非限制性修饰语（Non-restrictive modifier）、分隔修饰（discontinuous modification）2. 作为名词词组的同位语，也是一种后置修饰语。同位语（appositive）、限制性同位语（Restrictive appositive）、非限制性同位语（Non-restrictive appositive）3. 广义上说，状语（Adverbial）也是一种修饰语。状语分为修饰性状语（Adjunct）、评注性状语（Disjunct）和连接性状语（Conjunct）。状语作为一种句子成分，主要指第一种，修饰性状语（Adjunct）。修饰性状语按其内容，可表示时间、地点、方式、目的、原因、结果、条件、让步、伴随状况等意义。Lecture 15Substitution 替代 (L37)替代有三种现象：名词性替代（nominal substitution），动词性替代（verbal substitution）和分句性替代（clausal substitution），也有三种替代词：名词替代词（nominal substitute），动词替代词（verbal substitute）和分句替代词（clausal substitute）。Lecture 16Ellipsis 省略 (L38)Ellipsis：(1) in coordinate constructions; (2) in compound sentences; (3) in noun phrases; (4) in prepositional phrases; (5) in complex sentences; (6) in adverbial clauses; (7) in nominal wh-clausesLecture