Development-by-cause-and-effectPPT课件

-,1,6.CauseandEffect,-,2,TeachingAims:,1.Typesof“CauseandEffect”paragraph2.Usefulexpressions3.Samples4.Quiz,-,3,1.Types,Readandanalyzethetwosamplesinthetextbookandtellwhattypeofparagraphtheybelongtoandhowtheauthorarrangetheorderofthecausesandeffects.,-,4,Sample1,Newwords:recordcompany唱片公司version版本,形式botherdoingsth.费心Beethoven贝多芬symphony交响乐available可利用的,可得到的,-,5,Sample2,Newwords:PuertoRican波多黎各emigrate移居,移民apartment一套公寓房间damp潮湿的undesirable不受欢迎的,不良的,不合意的,讨厌的,/wikipedia/commons/5/53/CIA_map_Central_America_%26_Caribbean.png,-,6,Typesofcauseandeffect:,(1)Onecause,manyeffects(2)Oneeffect,manycauses(3)Onecause,oneeffect(3)Manycauses,manyeffects,-,7,2.Usefulexpressions:,Cause:Because,since,asowingto,becauseof,asaresultof,Thereareseveralreasonswhy,ThereasonsforareThereasonswhyareasfollows:,istheresultof,iscausedby,isdueto,etc.,-,8,Effect:So,therefore,hence,thus,consequently,forthisreason,toleadto,tocause,toproduce,tobringabout,toresultin,toresultfrom,tobedueto,tobecausedby,inviewof,asaresult,hasanimpactonetc.,-,9,Theusesofthesignalwords,Heforgottoturnontheradioandthusmissedtheprogram.Itisverylate;henceyoumustgotobed.Handmadeandhenceexpensive/thehighprice.Thetwocountrieswereonthepointofwarduetothediplomaticdisputes.Duetocircumstancesbeyondourcontrolthelecturewascancelled.,-,10,Itfollowsthatifyouworkhard,youwillsucceed.Hewasaskedtoleavetheplaceandaccordinglyhewent.Itrainedyesterdayandinconsequencethematchwascanceled.NowthatIamfree,Icanenjoymusicforawhile.Theiranxietywassuchthattheycouldnotsleep.Thankstothebadweather,thematchhadbeencancelled.Thankstohiseffort,itismoresuccessfulthanwehaveexpected.,-,11,Seeingthatitsraininghard,thefetewillprobablybecancelled.Hetoldustokeepquietforfearthatwemightdisturbothers.Shefailedtomeasuretheeffectofheractionsonherfamily.Thisenvironmentaleffectofthisnewfactorycouldbedisastrous.Suchamistakewouldperhapsleadto/resultindisastrousconsequences.Spaceshipmakeitpossibletotraveltothemoon.,-,12,Sample1,ThereareseveralreasonswhysomanypeopleattendtheOlympicgamesorwatchthemontelevision.Onereasonistradition.ThenameOlympicsandthetorchandflameremindpeopleoftheancientgames.PeoplecanescapetheordinarinessofdailylifebyattendingorwatchingtheOlympics.Theyliketoidentifywithsomeoneelsesindividualsacrificeandaccomplishment.Nationalprideisanotherreason,andanathletesorateamshardearnedvictorybecomesanationsvictory.Therearenationalmedalcountsandpeoplekeeptrackofhowmanymedalstheircountrysathleteshavewon.(Type:Oneeffect,manycauses),3.Samples:,-,13,Sample2,Duringholidays,thetrafficinbigcitiesisalwaysparticularlyheavy.Thisismainlybecausemostcitizensdonothavetoworkinthesedaysandtheyridetheirbicyclestothestreetstodoshopping.Farmersinthecountryalsofloodintothecitiesbybusorbytheirownmotorcycles.Thestreetsarefullofbuses,taxicabs,trolleybuses,minibusesandpedestrians.Thestreetsseemnarrower.Asaresult,trafficjamsoftenoccur.(Type:Oneeffect,manycauses),-,14,Sample3,Inflationisaneconomicconditioninwhichpricesforconsumergoodsincrease,andthevalueofmoneyorpurchasingpowerdecreases.Therearethreeimportantcausesofinflation.Thefirstandmostimportantcausemaybeexcessivegovernmentspending.Forexample,inordertofinanceawarorcarryoutsocialprograms,thegovernmentmayspendmoremoneythanithasreceivedthroughtaxesandotherrevenue,thuscreatingadeficit.Inordertooffsetthisdeficit,theTreasuryDepartmentcansimplyexpandthemoneysupplybyissuingmorepapermoneytomeetthedebtsofgovernment.Thisincreaseinthemoneysupplywillcausethevalueofthedollartoautomaticallydecrease.Thesecondcauseofinflationoccurswhenthemoneysupplyincreasesfasterthanthesupplyofgoods.,-,15,Ifpeoplehavemoremoney,theywillrunouttobuypopulargoodsliketelevisionsandcomputers,forexample,andashortagewillresult.Industrywillthenproducemore,athigherprices,tosatisfydemand.Furthermore,ifpeoplethinkthatthepricesofpopulargoodsaregoingup,theywillbuyandevenborrowmoneyathighinterestratestopayforthem.Finally,iflaborunionsdemandthatworkerswagesbeincreasedtocoverthehighcostofliving,industrywillmeetthisdemandandaddothercostsofproductionontotheconsumer.Insummary,allofthesecausescancreateinflationaryproblemsthatcanaffectthewelfareofanation.However,ofthesethreecauses,excessivegovernmentspendingmaybethemostimportant.(Type:Oneeffect,manycauses),-,16,TheEffectsofEatingTooMuchSugar,Severalyearsago,mostpeoplethoughtthatsugarwasarelativelyharmlesssweetenerwhichgaveapleasanttasteandprovidedasmallamountofenergy.Therewaslittleconcernabouttheeffectsofeatingsugar.Butinrecentyearsourconsumptionofsugarhasincreasedtremendously.Inaddition,someunpleasantandseriouseffectsofeatingsomuchsugarhaverisen.Asthechartshowsthatexcessiveconsumptionofsugarcancontributetobloodsugarimbalanceandweightgain.OneofthemajoreffectsofeatingItalsobringsaboutFinally,theresnodenyingthefactthat(Type:Manyeffectswithonecause),-,17,Quiz,Writeaparagraphofcauseandeffectonthefollowingtopicbelowusingeithercertaincauseandeffectpattern.Wordlimit:nomorethan120words.Topic:TheCausesofOverpopulationOr:TheEffectsofOverpopulation,-,18,-,19,Sample1:CausesofOverpopulation,DeclineintheDeathRate:Thefallindeathratesthatisdeclineinmortalityrateisonefundamentalcausesofoverpopulation.Owingtotheadvancementsinmedicine,manhasfoundcurestothepreviouslyfataldiseases.Thenewinventionsinmedicinehavebroughtintreatmentsformostofthedreadfuldiseases.Thishasresultedinanincreaseinthelifeexpectancyofindividuals.Mortalityratehasdeclinedleadingtoanincreaseinpopulation.Thebrightersideofitisthatwehavebeenabletofightmanydiseasesandpreventdeaths.Ontheotherhand,themedicalboonhasbroughtwithit,thecurseofoverpopulation.,-,20,RiseintheBirthRate:Thankstothenewdiscoveriesinnutritionalscience,wehavebeenabletobringinincreaseinthefertilityratesofhumanbeings.Medicinesoftodaycanboostthereproductiverateinhumanbeings.Therearemedicinesandtreatments,whichcanhelpinconception.Thus,sciencehasledtoanincreaseinbirthrate.Thisiscertainlyareasontobeproudandhappybutadvancesinmedicinehavealsobecomeacauseofoverpopulation.,-,21,Migration:Immigrationisaprobleminsomepartsoftheworld.Iftheinhabitantsofvariouscountriesmigratetoaparticularpartoftheworldandsettleoverthere,theareaisboundtosufferfromtheilleffectsofoverpopulation.Iftheratesofemigrationfromacertainnationdonotmatchtheratesofimmigrationtothatcountry,overpopulationmakesitsway.Thecountrybecomesoverlypopulated.Crowdingofimmigrantsincertainpartsoftheworld,resultsinanimbalanceinthedensityofpopulation.,-,22,LackofEducation:Illiteracyisanotherimportantcauseofoverpopulation.Thoselackingeducationfailtounderstandtheneedtopreventexcessivegrowthofpopulation.Theyareunabletounderstandtheharmfuleffectsthatoverpopulationhas.Theyareunawareofthewaystocontrolpopulation.Lackoffamilyplanningiscommonlyseenintheilliteratelotoftheworld.Thisisoneofthemajorfactorsleadingtooverpopulation.Duetoignorance,theydonottaketofamilyplanningmeasures,thuscontributingtoariseinpopulation.,-,23,Viewingtheissueofincreasingpopulationoptimistically,onemaysaythatoverpopulationmeanstheincreaseinhumanresources.Theincreaseinthenumberofpeopleistheincreaseinthenumberofproductivehandsandcreativeminds.Butwecannotignorethefactthattheincreaseinthenumberproducersimpliesanincreaseinthenumberofconsumers.Greaternumberofpeoplerequiresagreaternumberofresources.Noteverynationiscapableofprovidingitspeoplewiththeadequateamountofresources.Theever-increasingpopulationwilleventuallyleavenonationcapableofprovidingitspeoplewiththeresourcestheyneedtothrive.Whentheenvironmentfailstoaccommodatethelivingbeingsthatinhabitit,overpopulationbecomesadisaster.,-,24,Effectsofoverpopulation,Whatimpactdoesoverpopulationhaveontheeconomy?WhatimpactdoesOverpopulationhaveontheenvironment?Whatimpactdoesoverpopulationhaveonpolitics?,-,25,Overpopulationhasadefiniteeffectonacountryseconomy.Firstofall,whencountriesareoverpopulated,wehardlyhaveenoughfoodtosupportthemselves,nevermindthehopeofhavingasurplustosell.ThiscancontributetoalowGDPperCapitawhichistheeffectoverpopulationhasontheeconomy.Inanattempttosavethepeoplefromthestarvation,thegovernmentwillmostlikelyhavetorelyonforeigndebt.Thisputsthecountryindebtatstretchesthegovernmentsalreadymeagreresources.Furthermore,whenacountryisoverpopulated,thereisahighrateofunemploymentbecausetherejustarentenoughjobstosupportthepopulation.Thisresultsinahighlevelofcrimebecausethepeoplewillneedtostealthingsinordertosurvive.,-,26,Overpopulationdoesnotjustaffectthestandardofliving,butalsotheenvironment.Everypersonontheplanettakesupspace,butspaceisneededforfarmland,andforests.Peopleexcretewastesandpollutionthatflowintowatersystems,andanimalhabitats,pollutingwater,andkillingwildlife.Manypeoplecannotbatheorbrushtheirteethbecauseofthestatusofthewaterintheirland.,-,27,Forestsarebeingtorndownasmorewoodandlandisneededtosupportourever-growingpopulation.Thelossoftheseforestsleadstoextinctionofplantsandanimals.Theseplantscouldcontaincuresfordiseasesthatwillneverbefound.Urbanareasareexpanding,pollutingtheairandwatersystems.TheseareasdepletetheEarthsresources,andover2billionhectaresofarablelandhavealreadybeenlost,with16millionmorehectaresbeingremovedeachyear.InNigeriaalone,351000haoflandarebeingremovedeveryyear.51%ofthefossilfuelsonEartharebeingusedbyUSAandChinaalone,leavinglessthanhalffortheremainingcountries,includingthoseinAfrica.Infact,mostofthoseremainingfossilfuelsgotootherdevelopedcountries,leavingadismalamountforAfricans.,-,28,Governinganoverpopulatedcountrypresentsproblems.Theeconomyisstretchedbeyondbelief,andcivilwarsbreakourleft,right,andcentre.Thesecivilwarsarefoughtoverfarmland,andthepeoplespendsomuchtimefighting,thatthefarmlandisnotevenputtouse.Importantfossilfuelsneedtobetradedawayforpitifulamountsofcashusedtonoavail.Thegovernmentofanoverpopulatedcountryfallsintoconstantlyincreasingdebt,andcannotclimbbackupoutoftheholetheyhavedug.,-,29,Sample2,Wehaveabout6.8billionpeopleonatinyorbonly8,000mileswideand24,000milesincircumferencethatwecallEarth.Weaddaboutamillionandhalfpeopletoourworldpopulationeveryweek!Howhavewereachedthepointthatmanydescribeasglobaloverpopulation?WhatisourPlanetscarryingcapacity?Iszeropopulationgrowthdesirable,orattainable?Whatarethecausesandeffectsofhumanoverpopulation?,Hello!,-,30,Thefamilyofhumans,knownasthehominids,haspopulatedEarth,accordingtothefossilrecord,for5to6millionyears.Overtime,weaccumulatedpeople.,-,31,Theeffectsofhumanoverpopulationaremultipleandominous.Asbirthratesclimb,naturalresourcesgetusedupfasterthantheycanbereplaced,creatingenormouseconomicpressuresathomewhilethestandardoflivingplummetsthroughouttherestoftheworld.Astheresultofhavingsomanypeoplewhodonotunderstandourrealityanditsbehavioraldemands,wehavecreatedaninterrelatedwebofglobalenvironmentalproblems.Wearedepletingournaturalresources:ourforests,fisheries,rangelands,croplands,andplantandanimalspecies.Wearedestroyingthebiologicaldiversityonwhichevolutionthrives(thisisbeingcalledthesixthgreatwaveofextinctioninthehistoryoflifeonearth,differentfromtheothersinthatitiscausednotbyexternalevents,butbyus).,-,32,Withpowerfulnewelectricalanddieselpumpingtechniques,wearedrainingouraquifersandloweringourwatertables.Wearesystemicallypollutingourair,water,andsoil,andconsequentlyourfoodchain.Wearedepletingthestratosphericozonethatshieldsusfromharmfulultravioletradiation.And,weareexperiencingsymptomsofglobalwarming:heatwaves,devastatingdroughts,dyingforests,acceleratedspeciesextinction,dyingcoralreefs,meltingglaciers,risingsealevels,morefrequentandintensestorms,andamorerapidspreadofdiseases.,-,33,Whatisthesolutionforglobaloverpopulation?Whatmustwedotoensurethatpopulationgrowthisnotoutofcontrol?Theanswerliesineducation.Wehumansareaveryyoungspecies.Wehavebeenhereforonlyashorttime.Wearelikeachildjustlearningtowalk.Wefacegravechallengesthatdemandarapidshiftinourbehavior.Ourteacherisourparent.Ourparentisthenaturalworldfromwhichweemerged.Ineveryway,ineveryfacetofourexistence,wemustlearntoalignourselveswiththatwhichsupportslife.Thereisnoalternativeifwearegoingtoavoidcatastrophicconsequences.,-,34,Withsomanyofusonaverysmallplanet,andwiththeadditionofsomanymoreeveryweek,wecannolongercontinuetorelatetoeachother,ourenvironment,ecologicalsystemsandbiosphereaswehaveorwewillsuccumbtotheeffectsofhumanoverpopulation.Nature,whichcouldnotcareless,willeliminateus.Wehumansmustgrowupandlearntowalk.handinhandwitheachotherandwithournaturalworld.Thereisnoalternativeifwewishtosustainhumanityandadvanceourcivilization.,-,35,Analysis:sample1,Thelargenumberofourpopulationhasbecomeoneofthemostseriousproblemsofoursociety.Overpopulationhasbroughtaboutaseriesofnegativeeffectstooureconomicdevelopmentandsocialsecurity.Inthefirstplace,toomanypeopleimposeaheavyburdenonourenvironment.So,wesufferfromashortageoffreshwaterandnaturalresources.Inthesecondplace,asthesupplyoflaborgreatlyexceedsthedemandofsociety,manypeoplebecomeunemployed.Lastbutnotleast,wehavetomanufactureallkindsofproductstomeettheneedsofthepeople,whichcausesenvironmentalpollutiontoourlakesandland.Seriousthoughtheproblemmayseem,wehavetotakesomemeasurestotackleit.,-,36,Sample2,Nowadays,overpopulationhasbeenabigproblemThereareseveralreasonstocausethisproblem,suchasthepolicy,thetraditions,andtheabundantamountofresources.Therefore,thepopulationbecomelargerandlarger.Inapositiveview,itprovidesenoughlaborstofactories.However,italsoleadstosomeproblems.Overpopulationhasanimpactonenvironment.Theheavypollutionmakespeoplesick.Atthesametime,peoplehavemuchmorepressurethanbefore.Theygetfewopportunitiestoentercolleges;theyneedtoimprovethemselvessothattheycangetabetterjob.Buyingahousewithaproperpricemightbeadream;trafficjamwouldbeanormalthing;socialconflictswouldbecomesharpagain.Asaresult,thissituationmustbechanged.,-,37,Sample3,Thereisalargepopulationintheworld.Althoughtheearthhasvastterritoryandabundantresources,theoverpopulationhascausedmanyproblems,suchastheproblemofeducation,theproblemofmedicaltreatmentandtheproblemofhousing.Therearemanyschools,hospitalsandhousesintheworld,buttheyarestillnotenoughforthepeopletostudy,attendandlivein.InIndia,afamilyof4peoplemayliveinasmallroomwhichislessthan20squaremeters.Thetrafficjamisanotherbigproblem,too.Becauseoftheoverpopulation,moreanmor