Noun-PhrasePPT课件

-,1,Chapter1NounPhrase,-,2,1.Thestructureofthenounphrase,Thesimplestkindsofclauseusuallyconsistofnounsandverbs.Forexample:HelensawBill.However,inspokenlanguagethesepositionsbeforeandaftertheverbarerarelyoccupiedbyjustasinglenoun.Moreusually,theyarefilledbygroupsoftwoormorewords.Thesegroupsofwordsarecallednounphrase(NP)because,althoughtheycanconsistofmorethanoneword,theyfunctioninexactlythesamewayasasinglenoun.MyfriendsawBillwhocomesfromLeeds.Shesawhim.,-,3,Nounphrasesconsistofoneheadnoun,whichmustalwaysbepresent,andanumberoffurtherelements,allofwhichareoptional.Nounphrasescanthereforeconsistofonlyone,orverymany,words.Ifonlyonewordispresent,itwillusuallybeeitherapropernounorapronoun.Helensawhim.ShesawBill.,-,4,1=determinerand/orenumerator(e.g.the,a,first,his)2=pre-headmodification(e.g.red,washed,painting,steel)3=headnoun4=post-headmodification(e.g.inLeeds,whichIshowedyou),-,5,NP(aJudasPriestT-shirtwithventscutout)NP(HissizetenDocMartencombatboots)NP(Myfriend)NP(BillwholivesinLeeds)NP(Benny)NP(He),-,6,Theoptionalnatureofelements1,2and4meansthatnounphraseshaveahighlyvariableappearancefromsinglewordtoverylongpassagesoftext.NP(she)NP(theoldtonecottageatthetopofthehillwhichhadbeencondemnedbutwasnowupforrenovationandwhichIhadalwaysdreamedofowning)wastooexpensive.,-,7,Slots2and4inparticularcanbealmostinfinitelyexpandedbutnotethatslot2isusuallyoccupiedbysinglewords(eitheradjectives,ornounswithanadjectivalfunction),whileslot4usuallycontainsphrasesorclauses.Inallcases,thewordinslot3isthemostimportantoneitcanbereplacedbyapronoun,butneverdeleted.Thisistheheadnoun.,-,8,Stylistically,slot4isthemostusualplacetofindmodificationoftheheadnouninEnglish.Thismayseemstrangeafterall,modificationinslot2issimplerinthatitconsistsofsinglewordsbutitmakessenseinthatthisallowsthehearerorreadertoknowwhattheheadnounisbeforereceivinganyextrainformationaboutit.Sometypesoftext(adverts,newspaperheadlines)dohavemodificationinslot2morefrequentlyasitsavesspace.,-,9,2.Premodification,Wordswhichcanoccurinslots1and2totheleftoftheheadaretypically:Slot1determiner,numbers,pronounsSlot2adjectives,nounsTheheadofthenounphrase(slot3)isawordwhichismodifiedbymodifierstotheright(slot4)orleft(slots1and2)butwhichcannotbedeleted.ListlessSaturdayafternoonsThevaguelybaronialgasfireDisheswithgoldrimsTinynapkinsofecrulinen,-,10,3.Postmodification,Therearetwoslotsinthenounphraseformodification2and4.Inmostcases,Englishpreferstouseslot4ratherthanslot2asthiskeepstheheadnounneartothefrontofthenounphrase.Afurtherpossibilityisforthemodificationtobetakenoutofthenounphraseandplacedaftertheverbtobe.Heateaveryfresh,speckledbrownegg.Heateaneggwhichwasveryfreshandspeckledbrown.Theeggwasfresh.,-,11,ThisisalsomoreusualinEnglishthanusingslot2,especiallyifmorethanoneadjectiveisinvolved.Imaginethelikelihoodofsomeonesayingthefollowing:Ilikethisreallytastybeer.ORIlikethisbeer.Itsreallytasty.,-,12,4.Articles,Articlesqualifynouns,andappeartotheimmediateleftinthenounphrase,beforeanypremodifiers.Therearetwoarticles,thedefinitearticletheandtheindefinitearticlea.,-,13,5.Pronouns,Thefirst-personsingularpronouninEnglishisI,whichbecomesmewhenplacedinobjectposition,andmy,minewhendenotingpossession.However,speakersdontalwayswishtospeaksodirectlyaboutthemselves.ItissometimesthoughtegocentrictouseI,andatothertimesspeakersorwritersmaywishtosubmergetheirownidentityinsthlessspecific(forexample,animpliedgroup).Thetacticsusedtodothisinvolvesashiftinpersonornumberintoeitherthesingularthirdpersonorthepluralfirstperson.,-,14,Weisthepronounformreferringtothespeakerplusothers.Therecanbeambiguityintheinterpretationofthefirst-personpluralpronoun.Doestheweincludethepersonspokento,orjustthespeakerandhis/hergroup.,-,15,Exercise:,Obstructionofamajorbranchofacoronaryartery,especiallyonetoaventricle,isthecommoncauseofacardiacstroke,orsuddenheartfailure;toogreatnarrowingofamajorbranchofanartery,orocclusionofminorbranches,producesischemiaofthecardiacmuscle,andthepainproducedbythisisknownasanginapectoris.,-,16,Obstructionofamajorbranchofacoronaryartery,especiallyonetoaventricle,isthecommoncauseofacardiacstroke,orsuddenheartfailure;toogreatnarrowingofamajorbranchofanartery,orocclusionofminorbranches,producesischemiaofthecardiacmuscle,andthepainproducedbythisisknownasanginapectoris.,-,17,Obstructionofamajorbranchofacoronaryartery,especiallyonetoaventricle,isthecommoncauseofacardiacstroke,orsuddenheartfailure;toogreatnarrowingofamajorbranchofanartery,orocclusionofminorbranches,producesischemiaofthecardiacmuscle,andthepainproducedbythisisknownasanginapectoris.,-,18,Pressurechangesinatrialsystolecanbemeasuredroughlysimplybyinstrumentslyingwithintheheart,whileventricularsystolecanbemeasuredroughlysimplybytherapidityandstrengthofthearterialpulse;clinically,therefore,thetermsystoleusuallyreferstoventricularsystoleonly,andatrialsystole,occurringduringventriculardiastole,isusuallycalledapresystolicphenomenon.,-,19,Pressurechangesinatrialsystolecanbemeasuredroughlysimplybyinstrumentslyingwithintheheart,whileventricularsystolecanbemeasuredroughlysimplybytherapidityandstrengthofthearterialpulse;clinically,therefore,thetermsystoleusuallyreferstoventricularsystoleonly,andatrialsystole,occurringduringventriculardiastole,isusuallycalledapresystolicphenomenon.,-,20,Pressurechangesinatrialsystolecanbemeasuredroughlysimplybyinstrumentslyingwithintheheart,whileventricularsystolecanbemeasuredroughlysimplybytherapidityandstrengthofthearterialpulse;clinically,therefore,thetermsystoleusuallyreferstoventricularsystoleonly,andatrialsystole,occurringduringventriculardiastole,isusuallycalledapresystolicphenomenon.