英语专业文体修辞学期末复习资料.doc

Aphesis Definition: the omission of an initial part of a word. Example: Thou on whose stream, mid the steep skys commotion 暴动、暴乱 (mid -amid) Syncope Definition: the omission of a medial part of a word. Example: A voice so thrilling neer was heard In spring-time from the cuckoo-bird Breaking the silence of the seas Among the farthest Hebrides (neer-never) Apocope Definition: the omission of a final part of a word Example: Till a the seas gang dry, my dear. And the rocks melt wi the sun I will love thee still, my dear, While the sands o life shall run (aall, wiwith, o-of) Graphology Definition: by graphology is meant the encoding of meaning in visual symbols. Example: shape of text; type of print; grammetrics; punctuation; indentation. (Eg of type of print) Me up at does out of the floor quietly Stare a poisoned mouse still who alive is asking what have i done that You wouldnt have Grammetrics Definition: By grammetrics is meant the ways in which grammatical units are fitted into metrical units such as lines and stanzas Example: This Is Just to Say I have eaten the plums that were in the icebox and which you were probably saving for breakfast Forgive me they were delicious so sweet and so cold (“”means a very strong pulling-forward effect; “” means a less strong pulling-forward effect. “eaten, the, in”all indicate a strong fulling-forward effect. ) Marked theme Definition: the literary writer places any of the rest of clause elements in the thematic position in order to achieve certain literary effect. Example: Alone she cuts and binds the grain, And sings a melancholy strain; O listen! for the vale profound Is overflowing with the sound (“alone” is a fronting of the adjunct that can make the element highly noticeable) Affixation Definition: affixation is the addition of a prefix or suffix to an item which already exists in the language Example: there was a balconyful of gentlemen. (“balcony+ful” is a vivid description of the number of people staying on the balcony.) Compounding Definition: compounding is the combination of two or more items to make a single compound one. Example: Baby wake Open-eyed;Open-eyed:as a verbless adjective clause, express a result Conversion Definition: conversion, described as “zero affixation” is the adaptation of an item to a new grammatical function without changing its form. Example: “Dont be such a harsh parent, father!”“Dont father me!” (the noun”father” is changed to a verb to express the annoyance and discontent.) OxymoronDefinition: Oxymoron is the yoking together of two expressions which are incompatible, so that in combination they have no conceivable literal reference to reality.e.g. As the wretched creature mumbled and chuckled in her hideous merriment, the undertaker turned to go away. (Oliver Twist) ParadoxDefinition: A Paradox is a statement which is absurd because it is self-evidently false.e.g. It was a bright, cold day in April, and the clocks were striking thirteen. SynecdocheDefinition: Synecdoche is a type of transference of meaning which involves the substitution of a part for the whole.e.g. Return to her?.No, rather I abjure all roofs and chooseTo be a comrade with the wolf and owl. MetonymyDefinition: Metonymy is the substitution of a word referring to an attribute of the thing that is meant, rather than the substitution of a part for the whole, or the whole for a part.e.g. Sceptre and Crown Must tumble down And in the dust be equal made With the poor crooked Scythe and Spade. (Shirley,The Glories of our Blood)Here,SceptreandCrown represent their power and authority, and metonyms for kings and queens.ScytheandSpadeare things used by peasants or farm workers, and are metonyms for peasants. Metaphor(重点！)Metaphor: It is associated with particular rule of transference, that is, the figurative meaning is derived from the literal meaning or it is, as it were, the literal meaning.e.g. Lifes but a walking shadow, a poor player That struts and frets his hour upon the stage And then is heard no more: it is a tale ( life is like a walking shadow, a poor player .)Five types:A. One type of sensory perception is expressed in terms of anotherB. A non-human referent is given human attributesC. A non-animate referent is given animate characteristicsD. An abstraction is treated as if it were animateE. A human referent is treated either as an inanimate being or an animal or a bird OverstatementOverstatement is termed hyperbole in traditional rhetoric. It distorts the truth by greatexaggeration. It is usually used to emphasize strong feeling and to create a sentimental, satiric or comic effect.e.g. Till a the seas gang dry, my dear, And the rocks melt wi the sun! And I will luve thee still, my dear, While the sands o life shall run.All the seas will never become dry and rocks will unlikely melt with the sun, the hyperbolic expressions here strongly emphasize the promise of undying love. UnderstatementUnderstatement: understatement is the opposite of overstatement in that it misrepresents the truth by deliberately understating it as opposed to exaggerating it.e.g. The face wasnt a bad one; It had what they called charm. (Galsworthy)The face wasnt a bad one in this context is a non-committal way of saying: the face was a very good one. HomophonyHomophony: words that have the same pronunciation but differ in form and meaning.e.g. When I am dead, I hope it may be said“His sins were scarlet, but his books are read.” The past participle of the verb“read”which relates to his books, and the adjective“red”relating to its hyponym scarlet in the first half of the same line. HolysemyPolysemy: the ambiguity of an individual word or phrase that can be used to express two or more different meanings e.g. Ben Battle was a warrior bold, And used to wars alarms; But a cannon-ball took off his legs, So he laid down his arms. In this context,“arms”can refer to the upper limbs of the said warrior as well as the weapons he carries. AlliterationAlliteration is the repetition of the initial consonant cluster in stressed syllables. Eg. Cold are the crabs that crawl on yonder hills, Colder the cucumbers that grow beneath RhymeRhyme is the identity of sounds between words or verse lines extending back from the end to the last fully accented vowel and not further.Eg. Candy Is dandy, But liquor Is quicker. AssonanceAssonance is the repetition of identical vowel or diphthong in stressed syllables.Eg. Think from how many trees Dead leaves are brought To earth on seed or wing ConsonanceConsonance is the repetition of the final consonat cluster in stressed syllables.Eg. Nothing lovelier than that lonely call, Bare and singular, like a gull, And three notes or four, then that was all. It drew up from the quiet like a well, Waited, sang, and vanishing, was still. OnomatopoeiaOnomatopoeia refers to the use of words formed in imitation of the natural sounds associated with the object or action involved, and it may also be phrased as the recurrence of phonemes in a text unit that suggests certain natural sounds which reinforce the meaning conveyed in that text unit.Eg. Crack came an officers club on his forehead. IambIamb or Iambic foot is the commonest type of verse foot. It is a pattern in which one stressed syllable alternates with one unstressed syllable, beginning with the unstressed syllable.Eg. In every cry of every man In every infants cry of fear TrocheeTrochee or throchaic foot is a pattern in which one stressed syllable alternates with one unstressed syllable, beginning with the stressed syllable.Eg. Men of England, wherefore plough For the Lords who lay yellow? AnapaestAnapaest or the anapaestic foot is a pattern in which one stressed syllable alternates with two unstressed syllables, beginning with the two unstressed syllables.Eg. The Assy rian came down like the wolf on the fold. DactylDactyl or dactylic foot is a pattern in which one stressed syllable alternates with two unstressed syllables, beginning with the stressed syllable.Eg. Sing me a song of a lad that is gone DimeterA dimeter is a verse line that has two metrical feet.Eg. One more unfortunate Weary of breath Rashly importunate, Gone to her death! TetrameterA tetrame