国际贸易实务Chapter-4

InternationalCargoTransportation国际货物运输,ChapterFour,Warming-upExercise,PartAEnglishTex,PartBBilingualTex,Warming-upExercise,ChapterFour,Answerthefollowingquestions.,1,2,Couldyoulistthemethodsofinternationalcargotransportation?,Whataretheadvantagesofusingoceantransport?,PartAEnglishTex,ChapterFour,ModesofTransportandBillofLading,Thetransportationofgoodsplaysavitalroleininternationaltrade.Oncethesalescontractismade,thegoodsshouldbedeliveredtothebuyersabroad.Itishighlybeneficialforaglobalbusinessmantohaveagoodknowledgeoftransport.Worldtradecanbeconveyedbysea,inlandwater,rail,road,airorbyacombinationofthesemodesoftransport.Itisveryimportantforthepartiestoselectanappropriatemeansoftransportationaccordingtotheneedsofdifferentgoods.Whatsmore,inordertokeepthetransportrunningeconomically,accuratelyandsmoothly,theshipmentclauseshouldbeclearlystipulatedandsometransportdocumentsneedtobecarefullypreparedandcompleted.Asmostworldtradeisconveyedbysea,wefocusmoreonoceantransport.,PartAEnglishTex,ChapterFour,ModesofTransportandBillofLading,OceanTransportOceantransportenjoysconsiderableadvantagesinmanyrespects.Withalargecarryingcapacity,oceantransportismostsuitableforcarryingbulkygoodsoverlongdistance.Becauseofsuchlargecapacity,theunitdistributioncostisreduced.However,itisvulnerabletobadweatherandlesspunctualcomparedwithothermeansoftransportation.Beforemakingashipment,theexporterneedstotakeaccountofvariousfactors,includingcost,safety,speedandconvenience.Oceantransportcanbeclassifiedintotwogroups:linertransportandtramptransport.,PartAEnglishTex,ChapterFour,ModesofTransportandBillofLading,LinerTransportLinertransportisidealforcargosofsmallquantity.Alinerisakindofvesselwhichsailsbetweenspecifiedportsregularly.Itsroute,portsandscheduleareallfixedanditsfreightisalsorelativelyfixed.Thefreightincludeschargesofloadingandunloadingandthusthelinercompanyisresponsibleforloadingandunloadingofthegoods.BillofLadingregulatestherightsandobligationsoftheshipperandthelinercompany.Forthisreason,theshipperneedntsignacontractofcarriagewiththelinercompany.Linerfreightincludestwoparts:basicfreightandadditionalfreight.Thelatterisalsocalledassurcharges.Basicfreightisthemajorpartofthetotallinerfreight.Thebasicfreightrateisusuallylistedinalinerfreighttariffwhichkeepsrelativelystableforaratherlongtime.Thefollowingbasicrulesareusedwhencalculatingthebasicfreight.,PartAEnglishTex,ChapterFour,ModesofTransportandBillofLading,(1)Foritemsmarkedwith“W”(weight),thefreightiscalculatedonthebasisofthegrossweight.(2)Foritemsmarkedwith“M”(measurement),thefreightwillbecalculatedonthebasisofthemeasurement(cubicmeter).(3)Foritemsmarkedwith“M/W”,thefreightiscalculatedonthebasisofthegrossweightorthemeasurementofthegoods.Thecarrierchoosesthehigherfreight.(4)Foritemsmarkedwith“AD.V.”(orA.V.),thefreightiscalculatedonthebasisofthevalueofgoods.(5)Foritemsmarkedwith“W/MorAD.V.”,thefreightisassessedbyusingoneofthesethreemethods.Thecarrierchoosesthehighestoneofthethree.,PartAEnglishTex,ChapterFour,ModesofTransportandBillofLading,(6)Foritemsmarkedwith“W/MplusAD.V.”,thefreightisassessedonthebasisofthegrossweightorthemeasurementofthegoods.Thecarrierchoosesthehigheroneandthenaddsadditionalfreightassessedonthebasisofthevalueofthegoods.(7)Foritemsmarkedwith“PerUnit”,thebasicfreightisassessedonthebasisoftheunitsorthenumberofthegoods.(8)Foritemsmarkedwith“OpenRate”,thefreightisassessedaccordingtothetemporaryagreementmadebythecarrierandtheconsignor.Thelinershippingcompanyusuallycollectssomeadditionalfreightinadditiontothebasicfreight.Therearedifferenttypesofsurcharges,suchas,PortAdditional,ExtraChargesonHeavyLifts,ExtraChargesonOverLengths,TransshipmentAdditionalandsoon.,PartAEnglishTex,ChapterFour,ModesofTransportandBillofLading,TrampTransportTramptransportmeansthatavesseloperateswithnoregularrouteorfixedscheduleofsailing.Theshippercharterstheshipfromtheship-ownerandusesittocarrygoods.Thefreightisusuallydeterminedbymarket.Charterscanbedividedintovoyagecharterandtimecharter.Voyagecharterisamodeoftransportwhichtransportsgoodsfromaspecifiedporttoanotherorforaroundtrip.Timecharterontheotherhandisdifferent.Theshipperchartersthevesselforaperiodoftime.Duringthisperiod,theshipismanaged,deployedandusedbythecharterer.,PartAEnglishTex,ChapterFour,ModesofTransportandBillofLading,OtherModesofTransportationRailwaytransportationisusedmorewidelythananyothermodeoftransportexceptoceantransport.Itcancarrygoodsinbulkquantitiesatarelativelyhighspeed.Comparedwithairandroadtransport,itischeaper.Butitisconfinedtorailroadandthusitislessflexible.Airtransportisamodernmeansoftransportationwiththedistinctadvantageoffastdelivery.Ithastheattractionfordeliveringperishables,medicines,spareparts,seasonalgoodsandgoodsofhighvalueforwhichsafetyoftransportationisaprimeconsideration.Itcanbedividedintothreecategories:scheduledairlines,charteredcarriers,andconsolidatedconsignmentsbyfreightforwarders.,PartAEnglishTex,ChapterFour,ModesofTransportandBillofLading,Containertransportisameansofdistributingmerchandiseinaunitizedform,suitableforocean,railandmultimodaltransport.Itisthemostmodernformofphysicalinternationaldistributionandoverallishighlyefficientintermsofreliability,cost,qualityofservice,advancedtechnologyandsoon.,Internationalmultimodaltransportmeansthecarriageofcargoisoperatedbyatleasttwomethodsoftransportonthebasisofamultimodaltransportcontract.,PartAEnglishTex,ChapterFour,ModesofTransportandBillofLading,BillofLading(B/L)Billoflading(B/L)isadocumentissuedbyashippingcompany.Itisthemostimportantdocumentforoceantransportwiththefollowingimportantfunctions.First,itisareceiptforthegoodsshipped.Secondly,itservesasacontractbetweentheshippingcompanyandtheshipper.Last,itisadocumentoftitlebecausethelegalowneroftheB/Listheownerofgoods.Forthisreason,thebillofladingcanbeusedtotransferthegoodsfromoneownertoanother.,PartAEnglishTex,ChapterFour,ModesofTransportandBillofLading,Thereareseveraltypesofbillsofladingwhichareclassifiedindifferentways.1)Shipped(onboard)B/LandreceivedforshipmentB/L2)CleanB/LanduncleanB/L3)StraightB/L,blankB/LandorderB/L4)DirectB/L,transshipmentB/Landthroughbilloflading5)ShortformB/LandlongformB/L.,Inadditiontothebilloflading,therearedifferenttypesoftransportdocuments,suchasseawaybill,consignmentnote,airwaybill,multimodaltransportdocumentandsoon.,PartAEnglishTex,ChapterFour,Notes注释,Worldtradecanbeconveyedbysea,inlandwater,rail,road,airorbyacombinationofthesemodesoftransport.,国际贸易可通过海洋，内河，铁路，公路，航空或多式联运进行运输。,Back,PartAEnglishTex,ChapterFour,Notes注释,Railwaytransportationisusedmorewidelythananyothermodeoftransportexceptseatransport.,与其他运输方式(除了海洋运输)相比，铁路运输使用最为普遍。,Back,PartAEnglishTex,ChapterFour,Notes注释,Ithastheattractionfordeliveringperishables,medicines,spareparts,seasonalgoodsandgoodsofhighvalueforwhichsafetyoftransportationisaprimeconsideration.,对于运输易腐烂食品，医药，备用零件，当季食品还有贵重物品(运输安全是其考虑的首要因素)，它颇具吸引力。,Back,PartAEnglishTex,ChapterFour,Notes注释,Itcanbedividedintothreecategories:scheduledairlines,charteredcarriers,andconsolidatedconsignmentsbyfreightforwarders.,它可分为3种方式：班机运输，包机运输，(货运代理的)集中托运。,Back,PartAEnglishTex,ChapterFour,Notes注释,Thereareseveraltypesofbillsofladingwhichareclassifiedindifferentways.1)Shipped(onboard)B/LandreceivedforshipmentB/L.2)CleanB/LanduncleanB/L.3)StraightB/L,blankB/LandorderB/L.4)DirectB/L,transshipmentB/Landthroughbilloflading.5)ShortformB/LandlongformB/L.,根据不同的分类方法，提单可分为不同的种类：1)已装船提单和待装船提单。2)清洁提单和不清洁提单。3)记名提单，空白提单和指示提单。4)直达提单，转船提单和联运提单。5)简式提单和全式提单。,Back,PartAEnglishTex,ChapterFour,Notes注释,Inadditiontothebilloflading,therearedifferenttypesoftransportdocuments,suchasseawaybill,consignmentnote,airwaybill,multimodaltransportdocumentandsoon.,除海运提单外，还有其他不同种类的运输单据，例如，海运单，铁/公路运单，航空运单和多式联运单据等。,Back,PartAEnglishTex,ChapterFour,WordsandExpressions单词和词组,cargon.(船或飞机装载的)货物moden.【正式】方式,方法,做法;状态,模式shipmentclause装运条款transportdocuments运输单据conveyvt.表达,传达;运送，运输bulkyadj.笨重的;庞大的;体积大的vulnerableadj.易受攻击的;易受伤的punctualadj.严守时刻的，准时的，正点的linertransport班轮运输tramptransport租船运输freightn.运费;货运，货物;货运列车【美】basicfreight基本运费,PartAEnglishTex,ChapterFour,WordsandExpressions单词和词组,additionalfreight(surcharges)附加运费linerfreighttariff班轮运价表carrier承运人openrate自由运费率PortAdditional港口附加费ExtraChargesonHeavyLifts超重附加费ExtraChargesonOverLengths超长附加费TransshipmentAdditional转船附加费chartervt.包租(飞机,船等)；特许成立n.原则，章程，宪章；许可证voyagecharter航次租船timecharter定期租船,PartAEnglishTex,ChapterFour,WordsandExpressions单词和词组,perishableadj.(食品)易腐烂的，易变质的perishablesn.易腐烂的东西(指食物)categoryn.种类；类别；范畴consolidatevt.统一;把合成一体，合并;巩固consignmentn.委托；寄售；寄售物；托付货物consolidatedconsignment集中托运freightforwarders货运代理containertransport集装箱运输internationalmultimodaltransport国际多式联运billoflading(B/L)海运提单documentoftitle物权凭证shipper托运人,PartAEnglishTex,ChapterFour,Exercises练习题,1.Whyisitusefulforaglobalbusinessmantohaveagoodknowledgeoftransport?,2.Whatdoeslinertransportreferto?,Becausethetransportationofgoodsplaysavitalroleininternationaltrade.,Linertransportmeansthatavesselsailsbetweenspecifiedportsregularly.Itsroute,portsandscheduleareallfixedanditsfreightisalsorelativelyfixed.,I.AnswertheFollowingQuestions.,PartAEnglishTex,ChapterFour,Exercises练习题,3.Whatfactorsdoestheexporterneedtoconsiderbeforemakingoceantransport?,4.Couldyoumakealistofseveraldocumentsusedincargotransportation?,Theexporterneedstoconsidervariousfactors,includingcost,safety,speedandconvenience.,Therearevarioustypesoftransportdocumentssuchasthebilloflading,seawaybill,consignmentnote,airwaybill,multimodaltransportdocumentandsoon.,I.AnswertheFollowingQuestions.,PartAEnglishTex,ChapterFour,Exercises练习题,5.Whatisabilloflading?Whatfunctionsdoesitserve?,Abillofladingisadocumentissuedbyashippingcompany.Itisthemostimportantdocumentforoceantransportwiththefollowingfunctions.Firstly,itisareceiptforthegoodsshipped.Secondly,itservesasacontractbetweentheshippingcompanyandtheshipper.Lastly,itisadocumentoftitlebecausethelegalowneroftheB/Listheownerofgoods.,I.AnswertheFollowingQuestions.,PartAEnglishTex,ChapterFour,Exercises练习题,6.Howmanykindsofbillsofladingarementionedinthepassage?Whatarethey?,Thereareseveraltypesofbillsofladingwhichareclassifiedindifferentways:(1)Shipped(onboard)B/LandreceivedforshipmentB/L.(2)CleanB/LanduncleanB/L.(3)StraightB/L,blankB/LandorderB/L.(4)DirectB/L,transshipmentB/LandthroughB/L.(5)ShortformB/LandlongformB/L.,I.AnswertheFollowingQuestions.,PartAEnglishTex,ChapterFour,Exercises练习题,II.TrueorFalseJudgements.,1.Theshipperisresponsibleforloadingandunloadingofthegoodsiftwopartiesselectthemodeoflinertransport.,2.Thefreightoflinersisrelativelyfixed,whilethefreightoftrampsisusuallydeterminedbythemarket.,3.W/MplusAdValmeansthatthehighestfreightofthemwillbecollectedbythecarrier.,F,T,F,PartAEnglishTex,ChapterFour,Exercises练习题,II.TrueorFalseJudgements.,4.Voyagecharterisamodeoftransportwhichtransportsgoodsfromafixedporttoanotherorforaroundtrip.,5.Internationalmultimodaltransportmeansthecarriageofcargoisconveyedbyatleasttwomodesoftransport.,6.Abillofladingcanbeusedtotransfergoodsfromoneownertoanother.,T,T,T,PartAEnglishTex,ChapterFour,Exercises练习题,III.MultipleChoice,1.Asthemostworldtradeisconveyedby_,exportersandimportersaremoreconcernedwithit.,2.Whentimecharterisemployed,_willmanage,deploytheship.,A.trampshipsB.railtransportC.seatransportD.roadtransport,A.ship-ownerB.thesellerC.thebuyerD.thecharterer,PartAEnglishTex,ChapterFour,Exercises练习题,III.MultipleChoice,3._isthemostimportantshippingdocument.,4._isameansofdistributingmerchandiseinaunitizedform.,A.ThesalescontractB.ThecontractofdeliveryC.BillofLadingD.Shipmentclause,A.LinetransportB.ContainertransportC.VoyagecharterD.Chartertransport,PartAEnglishTex,ChapterFour,Exercises练习题,III.MultipleChoice,5.BillofLadingservesasacontractbetweentheshippingcompanyand_.,A.thebuyerB.thesellerC.thechartererD.theshipper,PartAEnglishTex,ChapterFour,Exercises练习题,IV.TranslatethefollowingparagraphsintoChinese.,BillofLading(B/L)isadocumentissuedbyashippingcompany.Itisthemostimportantshippingdocumentwiththefollowingimportantfunctions.First,itisareceiptforthegoodsshipped.Secondly,itservesasacontractbetweentheshippingcompanyandtheshipper.Last,itisadocumentoftitlebecausethelegalowneroftheB/Listheownerofgoods.Forthisreason,theBillofLadingcanbeusedtotransferthegoodsfromoneownertoanother.,海运提单(简称提单)是船公司签发给托运人的书面文件。它是最重要的运输单据,具有以下性质和作用:第一,它是货物收据。第二,它是承运人和托运人之间签订的运输契约。第三,它是物权证明,法定持有人拥有提单项下的货物。因此,提单持有人可以转让提单,从而转移货物所有权。,1,PartAEnglishTex,ChapterFour,Exercises练习题,IV.TranslatethefollowingparagraphsintoChinese.,Containertransportisameansofdistributingmerchandiseinaunitizedform,suitableforocean,railandmultimodaltransport.Itisthemostmodernformofphysicalinternationaldistributionandoverallishighlyefficientintermsofreliability,cost,qualityofservice,advancedtechnologyandsoon.,集装箱运输指以集装箱作为运输单位进行货物运输,它适用于海洋运输,铁路运输和多式联运。它是一种非常现代化的国际贸易货物运输方式;总体来说,它是一种高效运输方式:安全可靠,价格低廉,货运质量高,技术先进等。,2,PartAEnglishTex,ChapterFour,Exercises练习题,V.PutthefollowingsentencesintoEnglish.,1根据货物的不同需要选择合适的运输方式很重要。,2为了货物运输能进行得经济,准确和顺畅，装运条款要规定清楚，运输单据要认真准备和填写。,Itisveryimportantforthepartiestoselectanappropriatemeansoftransportationaccordingtotheneedsofdifferentgoods.,Inordertokeepthetransportrunningeconomically,accuratelyandsmoothly,theshipmentclauseshouldbeclearlystipulatedandsometransportdocumentsneedtobecarefullypreparedandcompleted.,PartAEnglishTex,ChapterFour,Exercises练习题,V.PutthefollowingsentencesintoEnglish.,3因为运量大，分摊于每吨货物的运输费用降低。,4它的航线固定，港口固定，船期固定，运费率也相对固定。,Becauseofsuchlargecapacity,theunitdistributioncostisreduced.,Itsroute,portsandscheduleareallfixedanditsfreightisalsorelativelyfixed.,PartAEnglishTex,ChapterFour,Exercises练习题,V.PutthefollowingsentencesintoEnglish.,5班轮运输适用于小批的货物。,6航次租船指的是船舶在指定港口之间进行一个航次或来回航次。,Linertransportisidealforcargoofsmallquantity.,Voyagecharterreferstoamodeoftransportwhichtransportsgoodsfromaspecifiedporttoanotherorforaroundtrip.,PartBBilingualTex,ChapterFour,ShipmentClause装运条款,Theshipmentclauseincludesthetimeofshipment,portofshipmentandportofdestination,partialshipmentandtransshipment,thechargesresultingfromloadingandunloadingoperations,shippingadvice,dispatchanddemurrage,etc.Whennegotiatingatransaction,thebuyerandthesellershouldreachanagreementontheseissuesandspecifytheminthesalescontract.装运条款包括装运时间,装运港和目的港,(可否)分批装运和转船,装货费和卸货费,装船通知，速遣费和滞期费等.买卖双方在交易时要对这些问题进行磋商,并在买卖合同中明确说明.,PartBBilingualTex,ChapterFour,ShipmentClause装运条款,TimeofshipmentTimeofshipmentreferstothetimelimitduringwhichthesellerloadsthegoodsontothevehiclesattheportorplaceofshipment.Therearethefollowingmethodstosetthetimeofshipment.1)Specifyacertainperiodoradeadline.Forexample,“shipmentfrom5thMayto18thMay,2016”;or“shipmentonorbefore6thJuly,2016”.装运时间指的是在一定期限内卖方在指定的地点或港口把货物装上运输工具.规定时间有如下方式:1)确定在某一段时间内或规定最后期限,例如，“2016年5月5日至5月18日之间装运”;或者，“在7月6号之前(包括当天)装运”。2)Setaconditionalperiod.Forexample,thecontractsays,“shipmentwithin40daysafterreceiptofL/C”.2)规定在一定条件下装货.例如，合同规定“收到信用证后40天内装运”。,PartBBilingualTex,ChapterFour,ShipmentClause装运条款,Whennegotiatingthetimeofshipment,boththesellerandthebuyerneedtofindasuitabletimeforbothparties.Thesellershouldtakeintoaccountoftheissuewhetherthesupplyofgoodsisavailable.Theshipper(thesellerorthebuyer)shouldconsidertheconditionoftransportmarketincasethatheorshecouldnotfindthevehicletotransportwhenthegoodsareready.Whatsmore,bothpartiesshouldavoidusingambiguousterms,suchas,“shipmentassoonaspossible”.买卖双方磋商装运时间时应寻找一个对双方都合适的时间。卖方要考虑货源是否能到位；托运人（买方或卖方）应当考虑船源情况，避免有货无船。另外，交易双方应避免笼统规定装运时间，例如，“尽速装运”。,PartBBilingualTex,ChapterFour,ShipmentClause装运条款,IncaseoftradeunderFOB,CIForCFR,thesellerwillobtainthebillofladingonceheorshefinishesloadingthegoodsonthevesselattheport(orplace)ofshipment,whichmeansthatthedeliveryofgoodsisaccomplished.Thatistosay,thetermof“TimeofShipment”hasthesamemeaningwith“TimeofDelivery”inthesecases.履行FOB,CIF,CFR的合同时，卖方将货物在转运港装上船后即可获得提单，完成交货任务。也就是说，在此类情况下，“装运时间”和“交货时间”两个概念意义相同。,PartBBilingualTex,ChapterFour,ShipmentClause装运条款,Port(orplace)ofShipmentandDestination装运港（地）和目的港（地）Port(orplace)ofShipmentandDestinationshouldbeclearlyspecifiedinthesalescontractbecausetheyarecloselyrelatedwiththeresponsibilitiesandpriceofcommodities.Normally,oneport(orplace)ofshipmentandoneport(orplace)ofdestinationarespecified,butsometimestwoormoreofeacharestipulatedtomeetspecialrequirements.装运港（地）和目的港（地）同商品的价格和买卖双方承担的运输责任紧密相关，因此，在贸易合同中必须对此做出明确规定。通常情况下，只规定一个装运港和一个目的港；然而，在有些特殊情况下，为了满足需要，可规定两个或两个以上的装运港或目的港。,PartBBilingualTex,ChapterFour,ShipmentClause装运条款,Severalfactorsshouldbeconsideredwhentwopartiesmakeanagreementontheportofshipmentandtheportofdestination.Theyshouldbespecified.Insomecases,thepartiesshouldstipulatedefinitelythepositionoftheportofdestinationincasemorethanoneporthasthesamenameintheworld.Asfortheportofshipment,itshouldbeclosetotheoriginofthegoods.买卖双方在协商装运港和目的港时，要考虑若干因素。要明确规定装运港和目的港的地点。在某些情况下，需明确规定港口所在的位置以免世界上有重名的其他港口。装运港应靠近货源地。,PartBBilingualTex,ChapterFour,ShipmentClause装运条款,Thepartiesalsoneedtotakeintoaccounttheportregulations,facilities,chargesandpossiblesanctions.Besides,theyshouldprovidesomeflexibilitybyallowingoptionalportswhenitishardtomakeafinaldecision.Inpractice,itsbetternottochooseaninlandplaceastheportofdestination.Iftheydoagreetotransportthegoodstoaninlandcityinsomecases,thepartiesshouldstipulateclearlyabouttheinlandfreight,risks,insurance,customsduties,etc.双方还有考虑港口的规章制度，设施，收费和可能面临的处罚。另外，当成交时还不能最后确定装运港时，双方应灵活处理，允许几个港口可供选择。实际操作中，最好不要选择内陆城市作为目的港。在某些情况下，假如双方确实同意把货物送往某内陆城市时，对内陆的交通费用，风险，保险和海关税收等要规定清楚。,PartBBilingualTex,ChapterFour,ShipmentClause装运条款,PartialShipmentandTransshipment分批装运和转运Partialshipmentmeansshippingthecommoditiesunderonecontractinmorethanonelot.Itshouldbestipulatedwhetherpartialshipmentis(orisnot)allowedinthecontract.Atthesametime,thetimeandquantityofeachshipmentshouldbespecified,suchas“shipmentduringApriltoJuneinthreeequalmonthlylots”.Thesellershouldstrictlytheregulations,orotherwisethebuyerhastherighttorejectgoods.分批装运意味着一个合同下的货物分若干批次装运。合同中应当规定是否允许分批装运。同时需规定每批装运的时间和数量，例如，“从4月份到6月份分三批按月等量装运”。卖方应当严格遵守规定；否则,买方有权拒收货物。,PartBBilingualTex,ChapterFour,ShipmentClause装运条款,Transshipmentmeansthatthegoodshavetobetransferredfromoneshiptoanotheratanintermediateportwhenthereisnodirectshipbetweentheportofshipmentandtheportofdestination.Twopartiessho