土木工程实习报告,理工大

MechanicalEngineeringEnglish,Lesson3MechanicalEngineeringDesign,机械工程专业英语,Introduction,ConversationsReadingExercises,Method,Teaching,Discussion,Self-studying,Question,BackgroundSituation,MechanicalengineeringMechanicalEngineeringisanengineeringdisciplinethatinvolvestheapplicationofprincipleofphysicsforanalysis,design,manufacturing,andmaintenanceofmechanicalsystems.Itrequiresasolidunderstandingofkeyconceptsincludingmechanics,kinematics,thermodynamicsandenergy.Mechanicalengineersusetheseprinciplesandothersinthedesignandanalysisofmotorvehicles,aircraft,heatingthisisfollowedbycoursesemphasizingtheapplicationofthisknowledgeandstudiesinthesocialsciencesandhumanitiestogivetheengineerabroadereducation.,Dialogue1,Mr.King:Howmanybookscanyouborrowfromlibraryatatime?Lily:Usually,itis5booksforanundergraduateand10booksforapostgraduateatonetime.Mr.King:WhatabouttheEnglishcornerinyourcampus?Lily:TheEnglishcornerisheldeveryThursdayevening.TeachersfromtheForeignLanguagesTeachingOfficehelpstudentstoorganizetheactivitiesandyoucancatchanyinterestingtopicsuchasEnglishstudies,music,movies,booksandtravelingthere.Wedobenefitalotfromit.,译文,Mr.King:Doyouhaveahabitofdoingexercise?Lily:Sure,wehavearegulationofmorningexercises,whichguaranteesusahealthybody.Youcanmeetstudentsundertakingdifferentkindsofexercisesifyoutakeawalkinthemorningoncampus.Mr.King:Wouldyouliketocommentonyourinstructor?Lily:Heisamanofprofessionandresponsibility.Wheneveryouaskhimforhelp,hewillalwaysbetherewithoutanyhesitation.,DialogueTwo,Mr.King:Howabouttheactivitiesinyourschool?Lily:Itbloomsineverycornerofcampus.AssociationsofdifferentvarietiesorganizedbystudentswiththesameinterestdevelopvariouspopularactivitiessuchasForeignLanguagesFestivalandComputerScienceFestival.,Mr.King:Doyoulikeonlinegames?Lily:No,Idont.Ibelievesuchaddictingisawasteoftimeandenergy.Itdoeshavenegativeeffectsonourstudy.Mr.King:Howdoyoulikeyourroommates?Lily:Wegetalongverywell.Leadingadormitorylifeteachesmehowtotakeothersfeelingsintoconsideration.Iappreciateitverymuch.,Newwordsv.部分,段,分割;vt.分割refinementrifainmntn.精致,高尚,精巧apparatus.preitsn.装置,器具,器官devisedivaizv.设计distinctlydistiktliad.显然地,明显地,清楚地empiricalempirikla.经验主义的constraintknstreintn.约束,强制,约束条件invariablyinverib()liad.不变化地,一定不变地,常常地,(:)rileitv.互相关连,相关ecologyi(:)kldin.生态学reinstateri:insteitv.恢复;vt.使恢复原有的职位assuranceurnsn.保证,确信,保险thrustrstn.推力,刺,力推;v.插入,推挤,刺incorporateink:preita.合并的,公司组织的,具体化的;v.合并,组成公司,具体表现,bugsbgzn.故障，毛病unforeseennf:si:na.无法预料的warrantwrntn.正当理由,根据,委任状；v.保证,辩解,担保radicalrdikla.根本的,激进的,基本的,彻底的；n.激进份子,原子团,激进派flourishflriv.繁荣,茂盛,活跃eliminateilimineitv.除去,排除,剔除supervisory.sju:pvaizria.管理的,监控的ultimatelyltimtliad.最后,最终inhibitinhibitv.禁止,抑制clingto抱住(抱定,固守,贴近),TextMechanicalEngineeringDesign,Mechanicalengineeringdesignisamajorsegmentofengineering,itdealswiththeconception,design,development,refinement,andapplicationofmachinesandmechanicalapparatusofallkinds.Formanystudents,mechanicalengineeringdesignisoneoftheirfirstprofessionalengineeringcourses.Professionalengineeringisconcernedwithobtainingsolutionstopracticalproblems,andtheengineersareabletodevisebettersolutionstopracticalproblems.,译文,Themostproblemsinmechanicalengineeringdesigndonothaveasinglerightanswer.Hence,modernmechanicalengineersareabletoproducedistinctlybettersolutionstomeettodaysneeds.Theengineermustusethebestavailablescientificunderstandingtogetherwithempiricalinformation,goodjudgment.Whenconsideringacompletemachine,theengineerinvariablyfindsthattherequirementsandconstraintsofthevariouscomponentsareinterrelated.Themodernengineerhasbecomeincreasinglyconcernedwiththebroaderconsiderationsofsafety,ecology,andoverall“qualityoflife.”,译文,Gooddesignsrequiretryingnewideasandbeingwillingtotakeacertainamountofrisk,knowingthatifthenewideadoesnotworktheexistingmethodcanbereinstated.Thusadesignermusthavepatience,sincethereisnoassuranceofsuccessforthetimeandeffortexpanded.Creatingacompletelynewdesigngenerallyrequiresthatmanyoldandwell-establishedmethodsbethrustaside.Thisisnoteasysincemanypeopleclingtofamiliarideas,techniquesandattitudes.,译文,Adesignengineershouldconstantlysearchforwaystoimproveanexistingproductandmustdecidewhatold,provenconceptsshouldbeusedandwhatnew,untriedideasshouldbeincorporated.,译文,Newdesignsgenerallyhave“bugs”orunforeseenproblemswhichmustbeworkedoutbeforethesuperiorcharacteristicsofthenewdesigncanbeenjoyed.Thusthereisachanceforasuperiorproduct,butonlyathigherrisk.Itshouldbeemphasizedthat,ifadesigndoesnotwarrantradicalnewmethods,suchmethodsshouldnotbeappliedmerelyforthesakeofchange.,译文,Duringthebeginningstagesofdesign,creativityshouldbeallowedtoflourishwithoutagreatnumberofconstraints.Eventhoughmanyimpracticalideasmayarise,itisusuallyeasytoeliminatethemintheearlystagesofdesignbeforefirmdetailsarerequiredbymanufacturing.,译文,Inthisway,innovativeideasarenotinhibited.Quiteoften,morethanonedesignisdeveloped,uptothepointwheretheycanbecomparedagainsteachother.Itisentirelypossiblethatthedesignwhichisultimatelyacceptedwilluseideasexistinginoneoftherejecteddesignsthatdidnotshowasmuchoverallpromise.,译文,Anotherimportantpointwhichshouldberecognizedisthatadesignengineermustbeabletocommunicateideastootherpeopleiftheyaretobeincorporated.Communicatingthedesigntoothersisthefinal,vitalstepinthedesignprocess.Undoubtedlymanygreatdesigns,inventions,andcreativeworkshavebeenlosttomankindsimplybecausetheoriginatorswereunableorunwillingtoexplaintheiraccomplishmentstoothers.,译文,Presentationisasellingjob.Theengineer,whenpresentinganewsolutiontoadministrative,management,orsupervisorypersons,isattemptingtosellortoprovetothemthatthissolutionisabetterone.Unlessthiscanbedonesuccessfully,thetimeandeffortspentonobtainingthesolutionhavebeenlargelywasted.,译文,Exercises,IAnswerthefollowingquestionsaccordingtothetext.1.Whatdoesmechanicalengineeringdesigndealwith?,Itdealswiththeconception,design,development,refinement,andapplicationofmachinesandmechanicalapparatusofallkinds.,2.Formanystudents,whatisoneoftheirfirstprofessionalengineeringcourses?3.Whatisprofessionalengineeringconcernedwith?,Mechanicalengineeringdesign.,Professionalengineeringisconcernedwithobtainingsolutionstopracticalproblems.,4.Whatdoescreatingacompletelynewdesigngenerallyrequire?5.Whatproblemsdonewdesignsgenerallyhavewhichmustbeworkedoutbeforethesuperiorcharacteristicsofthenewdesigncanbeenjoyed?,Itgenerallyrequiresthatmanyoldandwell-establishedmethodsbethrustaside.,“Bugs”orunforeseenproblems.,IIAfterreadingthetext,pleasedecidewhetherthestatementsaretrueorfalse.,1.Formanystudents,Englishisoneoftheirfirstprofessionalengineeringcourses.2.Themostproblemsinmechanicalengineeringdesignhaveasinglerightanswer.3.Modernmechanicalengineersareabletoproducedistinctlybettersolutionstomeettodaysneeds.,(F),(F),(T),4.Gooddesignsdontrequiretryingnewideas.5.Duringthebeginningstagesofdesign,creativityshouldbeallowedtoflourishwithoutagreatnumberofconstraints.,(F),(T),IIIReadthetwopassagesandthentrytoputthemintoChinese.,Passage1ThescientistsandengineersintheUSAhavemadeavarietyofgears,levers,rotor,andothermechanicalpartsthesizeofspecksofdust.Suchcomponentsmaysomedaybeassembledintotinyrobotsandvariousotherkindsofmicroscopicmachinesdesignedtoperformspecificfunctions.,译文,Therecentadvancesintheminiaturizationofmachinepartsrepresentthebeginningsofanewbranchofengineering.Butmostcurrentlyavailablemicrodevicesaresensorswhichreacttochangesintheirenvironment,forexample,bybendingunderpressure.Withthecomingofthemicroelectronicsrevolutioninthecomputerindustryinthe1970s,whathadbeenfantasysuddenlyseemedlikeadistinctpossibility.Today,agrowingnumberofresearchersintheworldareforginganewareaofmicroscopicmachines.,Passage2,ThisarticleelaboratesthetopicofdevelopingShenyangeconomyandundertakinghistorictasksbycollegestudentsfromthreeaspects:1)TheoverallgoaltodevelopShenyangoldindustrialbaseEndeavortobuildharmoniousShenyangwithfourintoone,i.e.,newstyleindustrialcity,legalandgoodcreditcity,advancedculturalcityandmodelenvironmentalcity.,译文,2)ConditionsandopportunitiestodevelopoldindustrialBaseShenyanghaspossessedthephysicalbaseforthedevelopmentofoldindustrialbase,andestablishedsystembase,workbaseandtalentbase,formedbetterexternaldevelopmentalenvironment.3)ImprovethecoreprofessionalabilityofcollegestudentsforcontributiontoShenyangsdevelopmentBuildupcorrectlifephilosophyandstabledreams.Participateinsocialactivityandtraincoreprofessionalability.Strengthenprofessionalskillstobeanexcellentskillfultalent.,IVFillintheblankswiththeproperwordsgivenbelow,changingtheformifnecessary.,Manufacturingistheuseoftoolsandlabortomakethingsforuseorsale.Thetermmayrefer1arangeofhumanactivity,2handicrafttohightech,butismostcommonlyappliedtoindustrial3,inwhichraw4aretransformedinto5goodsonalargescale.,答案,to,from,production,materials,finished,MechanicalEngineeringisanengineeringdisciplinethatinvolvesthe6ofprinciplesofphysicsforanalysis,design,manufacturing,andmaintenanceofmechanical7.Itrequiresasolid8ofkeyconcepts9mechanics,kinematics,thermodynamicsandenergy.Mechanical10usetheseprinciplesandothersinthedesignandanalysisofmotorvehicles,aircraft,heating&coolingsystems,watercraft,manufacturingplants,industrialequipmentandmachinery,medicaldevicesandmore.,答案,application,systems,understanding,including,engineers,Theend,Thankyou!,Translation,对话1问：你一次可以从图书馆借阅多少本书啊？答：通常，本科生最多可以是5本，研究生10本。问：你们学校的英语角进行的怎样？答：我们学校的英语角在每周四晚上举行。外语教研室的老师们帮助做一些组织工作。在这里，你可以参与任何你感兴趣的诸如英语学习、音乐、电影、读书和旅行的话题。我们确实从中获益匪浅。,Back,Translation,问：你有锻炼身体的习惯吗？答：当然，我们学校有一项早操锻炼的规定，通过锻炼可以使我们拥有健康的体魄。如果你清晨在校园散步的话，相信你会看到正在进行不同锻炼的同学们的。问：可以告诉我你对辅导员的看法吗？答：他是一位非常敬业富有责任感的老师。无论什么时候，他都会毫不犹豫地帮助你渡过难关。,Back,Translation,对话2问：你们学校学生活动开展的怎样？答：可是说是处处开花。有着共同兴趣的同学们组织成立学生社团，并组织丰富多彩的活动。外语节和计算机文化节就是其中的品牌活动。,Back,Translation,问：你喜欢网络游戏吗？答：我不喜欢。因为我觉得沉迷于网游太浪费我们的时间和精力，对我们的学业有负面影响。问：你的室友如何？答：我们处的相当融洽。宿舍生活教会我如何去考虑他人的感受。我非常感激这一点。,Back,Translation,机械工程设计是工程实施中很重要的一环，它涉及机械概念，机械设计，技术发展，技术完善方案，以及各种机器和机械设备的应用。对于多数的大学生来说，机械工程设计是他们职业生涯的第一课。在实际设计工作中，会遇到各种难题，机械设计工程师要能设计出解决实际问题的最佳方案。,Back,Translation,机械设计的最大问题往往是无法找到唯一正确的方案。因此，现代机械工程师要能清楚地提出较完善的解决方案以适应现实的需要，并具备对工程项目科学可行的理解力，加上实际工作经验和准确的判断力。考虑到机械工程的完整性，机械工程师总是能够发现不同的机械元件之间的需求和约束是紧密相关的。现代机械工程师正日益变得同我们全方位的生活质量，生态均衡，以及对安全的考虑等方面息息相关。,Back,一个好的设计人员应该勇于提出新的想法，而且愿意承担一定的风险；当新的方法不适用时，就恢复采用原来的方法。因此，设计人员必须要有耐心，因为所花费的时间和努力并不能保证带来成功。一个全新的设计，要求摒弃许多陈旧的，为人们所熟知的方法。由于许多人易于墨守成规，这样做并不是一件容易的事情。,Back,一位设计工程师应该不断地探索改进现有产品的方法，在此过程中应该认真选择原有的、经过验证的设计原理，将其与其经过验证的新观念结合起来。,Back,新设计本身会有许多缺陷和未能预料的问题发生，只有当这些缺陷和问题被解决之后，才能体现出新产品的优越性。因此，一个性能优越的产品诞生的同时，也伴随着较高的风险。应该强调的是，如果设计本身不要求采用全新的方法，就没有必要仅仅为了变革的目的而采用新办法。,Back,在设计的初始阶段，应该允许设计人员充分发挥创造性，不受各种约束。即使产生了许多不切合实际的想法，也会在设计的早期，即绘制生产图纸之前被改正。,Back,只有这样，才不致于堵塞创新的思路。通常要提出几套设计方案，然后加以比较。很有可能在最后选定的方案中，采用了某些未被接受的方案中的一些想法。,Back,另一个应该被认识到的重要问题是，设计工程师必须能够同其他有关人员进行交流和沟通。与其他人就设计方案进行交流和沟通是设计过程的最后和关键阶段。毫无疑问，有许多伟大的设计、发明或创造之所以没有为人类所利用，就是因为创造者不善于或者不愿意向其他人介绍自己的成果。,Back,提出方案是一种说服别人的工作。当一个工程师向经营、管理部门或者其主管人员提出自己的新方案时，就是希望向他们说明或者证明自己的方案是比较好的。只有成功地完成这项工作，为得出这个方案