世纪大学英语读写教程第三册unit2

.,TheTitanicPuzzle,21stCenturyCollegeEnglish:Book3,Unit2:PartA,.,LanguagePoints,TheTitanicPuzzleShouldagoodfeministacceptpriorityseatingonalifeboat?ByCharlesKrauthammer1YoureontheTitanicII.Ithasjusthitanicebergandissinking.And,aslasttime,therearenotenoughlifeboats.Thecaptainshouts,“Womenandchildrenfirst!”Butthistime,anothervoiceisheard:“Whywomen?”,.,LanguagePoints,2Why,indeed?PartofthecharmofthesuccessfulmovieTitanicaretheperiodcostumes,theperiodextravagance,andtheperiodprejudices.Anaudiencecanenjoytheseatadistance.Oddly,however,ofalltheperiodattitudesinthefilm,theoldmaritimetraditionof“womenandchildrenfirst”enjoystotalacceptancebymodernaudiences.Listentotheaudiencebooatthebadguyswhotrytosneakonthelifeboatswithoraheadoftheladies.,.,LanguagePoints,3Butisnotgroupingwomenwithchildrenaraginganachronism?Shouldnotanyself-respectingmodernperson,letalonefeminist,objecttoitasinsultingtowomen?4Yetitsusageisascommontodayasitwasin1912.Considertheseexamplestakenalmostatrandomfromrecentnewspapers:5“TheinvadersgunneddowntheIndians,mostofthemwomenandchildren.”6“Asmanyas200civilians,mostofthemwomenandchildren,werekilled.”,.,LanguagePoints,7“AtthemassacreinAhmici103Muslims,including33womenandchildren,werekilled.”8Atatimewhenwomenflycombataircraftandrunmulti-nationalcorporations,howcanonenotwincewhenadultwomenareroutinelyclassedwithchildren?InAhmici,itseems,70adultmenwerekilled.Andhowmanyadultwomen?Notclear.Whenthingsgetserious,whenbloodstartstofloworshipsstarttosink,youllfindthemwiththechildren.,.,LanguagePoints,9Childrenareentitledtospecialconsiderationfortworeasons:helplessnessandinnocence.Theyhavenotyetacquiredeitherthefacultyofreasonorthewisdomofexperience.Consequently,theyaredefenseless(incapableoffendingforthemselves)andblameless(incapableofrealsin).Thatswhywegrantthemspecialprotection.Inanemergency,itisourdutytosavethemfirstbecausethey,helpless,haveputtheirlivesinourhands.Andinwartime,theyaresupposedtobeprotectedbyspecialimmunitybecausetheycanhavethreatenedoroffendednoone.,.,LanguagePoints,10Thephrase“womenandchildren”attributestowomenthesamedependenceandmoralsimplicitywefindinfive-year-olds.Suchanattitudeperhapsmadesenseinaneradominatedbymaleprivilege.Giventhedisabilitiesattachedtowomanhoodin1912,itwasonlyfairthatanewstandardofgenderequalitynotsuddenlybeproclaimedjustaslifeboatseatswerebeinghandedout.Thatdeferenceasomewhatmoreurgentvariationongivingupyourseatonthebustoawomancomplementedandperhapstosomeextentcompensatedforthelegalandsocialconstraintsplacedonwomenatthetime.,.,LanguagePoints,11Butinoureraofextensivesocialrestructuringtograntwomenequalityineducation,inemployment,ingovernment,inathletics,whatentitleswomentotheprivilegesandreducesthemtothestatusofchildren?12Evolutionarypsychologistsmightsaythatladies-to-the-lifeboatsisaninstinctthatdevelopedtoperpetuatethespecies:Womenareindispensablechild-bearers.Youcanrepopulateavillageifthewomensurviveandonlyafewofthemen,butnotifthemensurviveandonlyafewofthewomen.Womenbeingmoreprecious,biologicallyspeaking,thanmen,evolutionhasconditionedustogivethemthekindoflife-protectingdeferencewegivetothatotherseedofthefuture:kids.,.,LanguagePoints,13Theproblemwiththiskindoflogic,however,isitsdepressingreductionism.Itslikeaseriousversionofthegeneticistsoldjokethatachickenisjustaneggswayofmakinganotheregg.Buthumansaremorethanjustegg-layers.Andtraditionalcourtesiesaremorethanjustdisguisedsurvivalstrategies.Sowhydowesay“womenandchildren”?14Perhapsitsreally“womenforchildren.”Themostbasicparentalbondismaternal.Equalparentingisgreat,butwomen,frombreasttocradletoreassuringhug,cannurtureinwaysthatmencannot.Andthus,becausewevaluechildren,womenshouldgosecond.Thechildrenneedthem.,.,LanguagePoints,15Butkiddie-centrismgetsyouonlysofar.Whatiftherearenochildrenonboard?YouareontheTitanicIII,andthistimeitsasinglescruise.Nokids,noparents.Now:Iceberg!Lifeboats!Action!16Heresmyscenario.Themen,outofsheerirrationalheroism,shouldletthewomengofirst.Andthewomen,outofsheerfeministself-respect,shouldrefuse.17Result?Stalemate.Howdoesthismovieend?Howshoulditend?Hurry,theshipsgoingdown.,.,Paraphrase?,KeySupposeyoufindyourselfinasimilarsituationtothatoftheTitanic.,Moretolearn,YoureontheTitanicII.,.,At2:20AMonApril15,1912,theTitanic,thentheworldslargestandmostluxuriousoceanliner,disappearedintotheicydepthsoftheNorthAtlantic.Withhershetookthelivesofsome1,500men,women,andchildrenmorecasualtiesthaninanyothermarinedisasterinpeacetimehistory.Manymovieswereshotaboutthisevent,buttheonethatcameoutin1998wasthebiggesthit.,Text-relatedinformation,theTitanicII,.,theperiodcostumes,theperiodextravagance,andtheperiodprejudices,Paraphrasing?,Keythecostumes,theextravagance,andtheprejudicesofthattimeinhistory,Moretolearn,.,theperiodcostumes,theperiodextravagance,andtheperiodprejudices,Examplesperiodfurnitureaperiodcottage,perioda.typicalofanearliertimeinhistory,eitherdatingfromthattimeordeliberatelymadeinthestyleofthattime过去某段时期的,.,at/fromadistancefromaplacethatisnotveryclose;alongtimeaftersth.happened,ExamplesItswisetostayatadistancefromthecobras(眼镜蛇).Somepeoplearemorerespectableifadmiredfromadistance.Rememberingthedisasteratadistance,Inowfeelsurethatitwasnothisfault.,.,Butisnotgroupingwomenwithchildrenaraginganachronism?,但是，将妇女和儿童归为一类的做法难道不是一种与时代既不相称的行为吗？,.,letalone(toindicatethataparticularsituationisevenlesslikelyorpossible)nottomention;withoutconsidering,ExamplesIwastootiredtowalk,letalonerunning.Therewasntenoughroomforus,letalonethreedogsandtwocats.,Moretolearn,Shouldnotanyself-respectingmodernperson,letalonefeminist,objecttoitasinsultingtowomen?,.,Shouldnotanyself-respectingmodernperson,letalonefeminist,objecttoitasinsultingtowomen?,objecttooppose;beagainst,ExamplesTheembassyobjectstotheirrequeststotakerefugethere.ProfessorHawkingobjectstobeingtreatedlikesomeonespecial.,.,atrandom:withoutmethodorconsciouschoice,ExamplesHisclotheswerescatteredabouttheroomatrandom.Thespecimenstobeanalyzedweretakenatrandom.,Cf.random:a.usuattribdone,chosen,etc.withoutmethodorconsciouschoiceHisrandomwalkledhimtoabeautifulviewofthetown.Hechoseanapplerandomly.,.,civilian:apersonwhoisnotamemberofthearmedforces平民；百姓,ExamplesTheofficertoldallcivilianstoleavethearea.Severalinnocentcivilianswerekilledbythebombs.,Cf.citizen:apersonwholivesinaparticularcityortown,esponewhohascertainvotingorotherrightsinthatplace居民；市民national:aperson,espsomeoneabroad,whobelongstoanotherusustatedcountry国民subject:apersonwhoowesloyaltytoacertaincountryorroyalruler国民，子民，臣民,.,usagen.thewaysth.isused;thewaywordsareusedinalanguage,Note:Usageisdifferentfromuseinthatitoftenimpliesthedegreetowhichsomethingisusedorthewayinwhichitisused.,ExamplesThemanualdescribestheproperusageoftheappliance.Theexpressionhascomeintocommonusage.theenvironmentaleffectsofenergyusageSportsequipmentisdesignedtowithstandhardusage.,.,ExamplesThosesoldiersareresponsibleforseveralmassacresofdefenselessvillagers.,Moretolearn,massacre:Cthekillingoflargenumbers,usuofpeoplewhocannotdefendthemselvesproperly,withoutcaringabouttheirdeath大屠杀（尤其屠杀无防卫能力的人群）,.,Cf.killing:Utheactingofkillingpeopleoranimals.slaughter:Uthekillingofanimalsusuforfood;thekillingofoneormorepeopleinabloody,cruel,orthoughtlessway(残杀)carnage:U(esppoetaparticularabilityfordoingsth.才能；能力；天赋2.alltheteachersandworkersofauniversityorcollege(高等院校的)全体教师及职工,ExamplesEvenattheageof100,shestillhadallherfaculties.Maryhasaremarkablefacultyforaddinglargenumbersinherhead.Janeisamemberofthefacultyatthelocaluniversity.,Moretolearn,.,facultyn.1.anyofthepowersofthebodyormind;aparticularabilityfordoingsth.才能；能力；天赋,Cf.ability:(espofmind)thepower,knowledge,etcneeded(todosth)aptitude:(for,in)naturalabilityorskill,espinlearning天资capability:ability,practicalpower才能，能力facility:abilitytodoorperformstheasily才能,Moretolearn,.,facultyn.2.alltheteachersandworkersofauniversityorcollege(高等院校的)全体教师及职工,Cf.staff:thegroupofworkerswhocarryonajobtodotheworkofanorganizationpersonnel:thepeopleemployedbyacompany,thearmedforces,etc.workforce:thepeopleworkinginaplacecrew:allthepeopleworkingonaship,plane,etc.,.,innocentn.1)(of)notguilty无罪的，无辜的;2)knowingnothingofevilorwrong天真的,ExamplesIaminnocentofthecrime.Inthesewars,countlessinnocentpeoplelosttheirlives.Dontbesoinnocentastobelieveeverythinghesays.,Moretolearn,.,innocentn.1)(of)notguilty无罪的，无辜的;2)knowingnothingofevilorwrong天真的，无知的,Cf.Nave:1)havingorshowingnoexperience(asofsocialrulesorbehavior),espbecauseoneisyoung缺乏经验的；幼稚的；无知的;2)believingwhatanyonesaysorwhatismostfavorable天真的Theyoungboywaslaughedatforhisnaveremarks.Itisnaveofyoutobelievehelldowhathesays.,.,sinn.1)Uevilasunderstoodinareligion(宗教上的)罪孽;2)Canevilact,espasunderstoodinareligion罪过,ExampleThesepeoplesaythatthecityisaplacefullofsinandyoumustleaveit.Insomereligionsitisasintoeatthemeatofpigsanddrinkalcohol.,Moretolearn,.,sinn.1)Uevilasunderstoodinareligion(宗教上的)罪孽;2)Canevilact,espasunderstoodinareligion罪过,Cf.evil:Cevilgreatwickednessormisfortune邪恶，罪恶mischief:Ubad,butnotseriouslybad,behaviororactions,asofchildren,probablycausingtroubleandpossiblydamageorharm顽皮，调皮，恶作剧vice:wickednessofcharacter堕落；aseriousfaultofcharacter;abadhabit,.,consequentlyad.(usufml)becauseofthis,asaresult;therefore;inconsequence,ExamplesTheycannotnotdothework;consequently,wemustfindanothercompany.Thedocumentswerenotready.Consequentlywecouldnotsignthem.,Moretolearn,.,tectionorfreedom(fromsth.)受保护；豁免(权)2.abilitytoresistinfection,disease,etc.免疫力,ExamplesHewastoldthathewouldbegrantedimmunityfromprosecution(起诉)ifheconfessedthenamesoftheotherspies.diplomaticimmunity(外交豁免权)Mostpeoplehavenoimmunityagainstthatvirus.,.,threatenvt.1.makeathreatagainst(sb.)威胁，恐吓2.giveawarning(ofsth.bad)预示，眼看就要来了,ExamplesTheythreatenedtheirsonwithpunishment.Thegangster(歹徒)threatenedtoburndownthestoreunlesstheownerpaidextortion(敲诈)money.Thedarkcloudsthreatenastorm.Whendangerthreatenswemustalltakecare.,.,Thephrase“womenandchildren”attributestowomenthesamedependenceandmoralsimplicitywefindinfive-year-olds.,Paraphrase?,Key:Byclassingwomenwithchildren,wethinkthatwomenareashelplessandinnocentaslittlekids.,Moretolearn,dependenceandmoralsimplicityanotherwayofsaying“helplessnessandinnocence”,.,attribute(aquality,feature,etc.)tosb./sth.sayorthinkthatsb./sth.hasgot(thatquality,feature,etc.),ExamplesHetendstoattributemeanmotivestootherpeople.Iwouldntdreamofattributingsuchalackofjudgmenttoyou.,Thephrase“womenandchildren”attributestowomenthesamedependenceandmoralsimplicitywefindinfive-year-olds.,.,givenprep.considering考虑到a.1.规定的，特定的；2.假设的；已知的,ExamplesGiventheirinexperience,theyvedoneagoodjob.Given(thefact)thatsheisinterestedinchildren,Iamsureteachingistherightcareerforher.Theworkmustbedonewithinthegiventime.underagivenconditionThegivenradius(半径)being4ft.,findthecircumference(周长).,Moretolearn,.,givenusedasapreposition,Thewordgivencanbeusedasaprepositionfollowedbyanounphraseornounclause.Ifyousaygivensomethingorgiventhatsomethingistrue,youmeanwhatismentionedisconsideredoristakenintoaccount.InformalEnglish,giventhechance,giventheopportunity,etc.meanifonehasthechance,theopportunity,etc.,ExamplesGivenhisage,heisaremarkablefastrunner.Imsureteachingistherightcareerforher,given(thefact)thatsheisinterestedinchildren.Shecouldhavedonejustaswellasyouhave,giventhechance.Givenimagination,anythingispossible.,Moretolearn,.,given,Moretolearn,CompletethefollowingsentencesbytranslatingtheChineseintoEnglish,usinggivenclausesappropriately.(Ex.VIII,p.208),1._(鉴于政府在失业问题上的记录),theirchancesofwinningtheelectionlookpoor.2._(鉴于儿童不能自立，不能自卫),adultsareresponsibleforgrantingthemspecialprotection.,Giventhegovernmentsrecordonunemployment,Givenchildrenshelplessnessanddefenselessness,.,given,Moretolearn,CompletethefollowingsentencesbytranslatingtheChineseintoEnglish,usinggivenclausesappropriately.(Ex.VIII,p.208),_(如果天气好的话),ourshipwillreachYantaitomorrowmorning.4._(鉴于免疫力弱),childrenandoldpeopleareadvisednottostayinanair-conditionedroomfortoolong.,Givengoodweather,Givenpoorimmunity,.,given,CompletethefollowingsentencesbytranslatingtheChineseintoEnglish,usinggivenclausesappropriately.(Ex.VIII,p.208),5._(鉴于女权主义者已为男女平等斗争了多年),itisnotsurprisingtofindsuchnewwordsaschairpersonandMs.inwidespreaduse.6.(如果再给我一次读大学的机会),Iwouldchoosetostudyengineeringratherthanmathematics.,Giventhatfeministshavebeenfightingforgender/sexualequalityforyears,Givenonemorechancetogotocollege,.,attach(to)vt.1.considerthatsb.hasacertainquality2.fastenorjoin,ExamplesThepanelofscientistsattachesgreatimportancetohisresearchongenes.Chinesemoviesusedtoattacheverygoodqualitytoahero.Alabelisattachedtoeachpieceofluggage.Billattachedabigbow(蝴蝶结)tothebirthdaypresent.,.,itwasonlyfairthatanewstandardofgenderequalitynotsuddenlybeproclaimedjustaslifeboatseatswerebeinghandedout.,ExamplesThejobisopentoanysuitablyqualifiedpersonregardlessofage,genderorrace.Sociologistsbelievethatgenderdifferencesinvotingwillgraduallydisappearaswomenbecomemorepoliticized.InGerman,thegenderofthewordHund,meaningdog,ismasculine(阳性的).,Moretolearn,genderequality=sexequalityn.1.(生理上的)性；2.(名词、代词等的)性Gendermeanssexbutisespeciallyusedinjobadvertisements,inwritingaboutpoliticsandsociety,aswellasingrammar,whilesexisageneralword.,.,itwasonlyfairthatanewstandardofgenderequalitynotsuddenlybeproclaimedjustaslifeboatseatswerebeinghandedout.,proclaimvt.makeknownofficiallyorpublicly;declareNote:Proclaimimpliesaclear,forceful,authoritativeoraldeclaringofsomething,oftenofnationalimportance.,ExamplesThepresidentproclaimedadayofmourning.TheAmericancoloniesproclaimedtheirindependencein1776.,Moretolearn,.,itwasonlyfairthatanewstandardofgenderequalitynotsuddenlybeproclaimedjustaslifeboatseatswerebeinghandedout.,handoutdistribute分发,散发,ExamplesMakealistofnames,seeiftheyreallpresent,andhandoutthebooks.WouldyouhandthecakeoutwhileIpourthecoffee?,Moretolearn,.,itwasonlyfairthatanewstandardofgenderequalitynotsuddenlybeproclaimedjustaslifeboatseatswerebeinghandedout.,Paraphrase?,Key,thetraditionalgenderinequalityshouldnaturallycontinueatthatcriticalmomentwhentheshipwassinkingitwasfairthatwomenshouldhavebeengivenseatsonthelifeboatsfirst.,.,Thatdeferenceasomewhatmoreurgentvariationongivingupyourseatonthebustoawomancomplementedandperhapstosomeextentcompensatedforthelegalandsocialconstraintsplacedonwomenatthetime.,variationn.(on)oneinagrouporsetwhichisdifferentinsomewayfromthenormalormostcommon,ExamplesHisbooksareallvariationsonabasictheme.ItwasthesameTVprogramwithonlynightlyvariations.,Moretolearn,.,Thatdeferenceasomewhatmoreurgentvariationongivingupyourseatonthebustoawomancomplementedandperhapstosomeextentcompensatedforthelegalandsocialconstraintsplacedonwomenatthetime.,Paraphrase?,KeyThatrespectforwomen(i.e.offeringpriorityseatingonalifeboat)wasverysimilarto,butsomewhatmoreurgentthan,offeringyourseattoawomanonthebus.Thishelpedtoimprove,andperhapsmoreorlessmadeupforthedisabilitiesattachedtowomanhood(para.10)bylawandbysocietyatthattime.,.,.,whatentitleswomentotheprivilegesandreducesthemtothestatusofchildren?,reducesb.tobringsb.to(aspecified,usu.worse,stateorcondition),ExamplesWewerereducedtosellingthecartopaytherent.Heranoutofcigarettesandwasreducedtosmokingthebuttsleftintheashtrays.,Moretolearn,.,Paraphrase?,Key.,whyshouldwomenbegiventhesameprivileges,andbebroughttothesameinsignificantstatus,aschildren?,.,whatentitleswomentotheprivilegesandreducesthemtothestatusofchildren?,.,ladies-to-the-lifeboatsisaninstinctthatdevelopedtoperpetuatethespecies,Paraphrase?,givingprioritytoladiestoenablethemtosurviveashipwreckisanaturaltendencyformedinordertopreventtheextinctionofmankind,Translatethesentence?,女士上救生船是一种为繁衍物种而形成的本能,.,Womenbeingmoreprecious,biologicallyspeaking,thanmen,evolutionhasconditionedustogivethemthekindoflife-protectingdeferencewegivetothatotherseedofthefuture:kids.,Paraphrase?,Becausewomenaremoreimportantthanmenintheperpetuationofmankind,thelawofevolutionhasinfluencedourattitude,sothatwegivewomenthesamekindofpriorityofsurvivalaswegivechildren,onwhom,too,mankindreliesforperpetuation.,Translation?,因为从生物学的角度来讲妇女比男子更为珍贵，所以进化才使我们习惯于把给予未来的另一粒种子孩子的那份保护生命的敬重给予了她们。,Moretolearn,.,Womenbeingmoreprecious.thanmenPresentparticiplephraseusedintheabsoluteconstruction,whichfunctionsasanadverbialofcauseinthesentence.,Useofthepresentparticipleintheabsoluteconstruction:,Theadverbialpresentparticiplephrasehasnoovert(明言的)subjectandits“understoodsubject”providesalinkwiththemainclause,whiletheabsoluteconstructionusingthepresentparticiplehasitsownlogicalsubjectandisnotovertlyboundtothemainclause,evenonasemantic(语义的)level,byanysharedelement.Ingrammaticalfunctions,however,thetwoformsaresimilar.,ExamplesNofurtherdiscussionsarising,themeetingwasbroughttoaclose.Asmallboy,hissatchel(背包)trailingbehindhim,ranpast.Weatherpermitting,wellstarttomorrow.,Womenbeingmoreprecious,biologicallyspeaking,thanmen,evolutionhasconditionedustogivethemthekindoflife-protectingdeferencewegivetothatotherseedofthefuture:kids.,.,depressvt.1.saddenanddiscourage使抑郁，使沮丧2.causetosinktoalowerlevelofposition使不景气，使萧条,ExamplesThecold,grayweatherdepressedAnne.Highinterestratesarecontinuingtodepresstheeconomy.,参考译文：然而，这种逻辑的问题在于它那个令人沮丧的视妇女低人一等的歧视性做法。,.,Andtraditionalcourtesiesaremorethanjustdisguisedsurvivalstrategies.,courtesy:politeandkindbehavior礼貌、谦恭,Cf.politenesscivility:thestateormannerofbeingaspoliteasonewouldwish(礼貌，客气),morethanjustnotjust;notsimply,Moretolearn,.,Andtraditionalcourtesiesaremorethanjustdisguisedsurvivalstrategies.,disguise:changetheusualappearance,etc.of,soastohidthetruth,Cf.hide:putorkeepoutofsight;makeorkeepsecretconceal:(from)(fml)hid;keepfrombeingseenorknowncoverup:(notfml)coverorhidinfrontof(another)soastohidorprotectinthisway掩盖，掩饰secrete:(fml)hidorkeepinasecretplace隐藏；藏匿,Moretolearn,.,Andtraditionalcourtesiesaremorethanjustdisguisedsurvivalstrategies.,Paraphrase?,KeyAndtraditionalpolitebehaviortowomenisnotjustafa